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Biology AP > Chapter 2-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 2-4 Flashcards

0
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances

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1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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3
Q

Four elements that make up 96% of all living matter

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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4
Q

Essential element

A

Needed by organisms to live a healthy life and reproduce

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5
Q

Trace element

A

Required by organisms but only in minute quantities

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6
Q

Neutron

A

Electronically neutral particle

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7
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle

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8
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons=number of electrons

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10
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Isotope

A

Different atomic forms of the same element

Difference in number of neutrons

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12
Q

Electron shells

A

Levels of energy around nucleus:

Higher as further away

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13
Q

Energy

A

defined as capacity to cause change

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14
Q

Atomic weight

A

Number of protons plus neutrons plus electrons

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15
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

One where the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

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16
Q

What is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms?

A

Electrons

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17
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

What determined the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

Distribution of electrons in atom’s electron shell

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19
Q

Dalton’s

A

Total mass of an atom

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20
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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21
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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22
Q

Difference between nonpolar polar covalent bonds

A

Nonpolar= equally shared electrons while polar= unequally shared electrons

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23
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

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24
Cation
Positively charged ion
25
Hydrogen bond
Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and electronegative atom
26
Van der Waals interactions
Individually weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together
27
Why is molecular shape crucial in biology?
Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity
28
Dynamic equilibrium
Reactions are still going on, but with no net effect on concentrations of reactants and products
29
Polar molecule
It's overall charge is unevenly distributed
30
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds hold substance together
31
Adhesion
Changing of one substance to another- meniscus of water
32
Calorie
Amount of hear it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
33
Specific heat
Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of the substance to change it's temperature by one degree Celsius
34
Hydration shells
Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
35
Colloid
Stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
36
Evaporation
Transformation from a liquid to a gas
37
Heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
38
Why is four degrees Celsius the critical temperature?
Water reaches it's greatest density
39
Solvent
Dissolving agent of a solution
40
Solution
Homogenous mix of two or more substances
41
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
42
Hydrophobic substance
Repel water
43
Hydrophilic substance
Has an affinity for water
44
Molarity
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
45
What two ions form when water dissociates?
Hydronium and hydroxide
46
Buffer
Substance that minimizes changed in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution
47
Organiz chemistry
Study of carbon compounds
48
Stanley Miller
Experimented to simulate conditions thought to have existed on early Earth Concluded that organiz molecules may have Ben synthesized abiotically on early earth
49
Types of skeletons carbon chains can form
Hydrocarbons and isomers
50
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen-hydrophobic
51
Isomer
Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of same elements but have different structures and properties
52
Functional group
Chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
53
Hydroxyl
-OH Alcohols Polar/form hydrogen bonds
54
Carbonyl
Consists of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond Ketones and aldehydes Structural isomers Also found in sugars
55
Ketone
Carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
56
Aldehyde
Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
57
Carboxyl
Oxygen double bonded to carbon that is also bonded to an -OH group Carboxylic acids or organic acids Polar bonds because can donate H^+ Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of negative one
58
Amino
Consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton Amino acids Acts as a base has a charge of +1
59
Sulfhydryl
Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom resembles a hydroxyl group Form covalent bonds
60
Phosphate
Phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton two of the oxygen carry negative charges Release energy when reacting with water
61
Methyl
Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms | Arrangement in male and female sex hormones affect their shape and function

Biology AP (10 decks)

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