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Biology AP > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Three classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids

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1
Q

4 main classes of the large molecules of all living things

A

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids and lipids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Molecules that are huge on a molecular scale

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3
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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4
Q

Monomer

A

Smaller molecules

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

The reaction that connects monomers together

Each monomer contributes part of the water molecule that is released during the reaction

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The reaction where polymers are converted to monomers

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The monomers of all carbohydrates

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8
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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9
Q

Carbon

A

Has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures

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10
Q

Macromolecules are formed by

A

Polymerization

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Sugar starch cellulose and glycogen
Main source of energy for living things
chiton for structural purposes

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12
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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13
Q

Structural isomers

A

Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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14
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Same covalent arrangements but different spatial arrangements

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Consist only of carbon and hydrogen

Can undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy

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18
Q

How are enantiomers important in pharmaceutical industry?

A

The two drugs are the same but have different effects

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19
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

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20
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate macromolecules composed of many sugar building blocks

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21
Q

Sugars

A

Most end in -ose

Classified by number of carbons

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22
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Where the oxygen is between two monomers

A.k.a. Beta linkage

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23
Q

Polysaccharide structure and function

A

Determined by the sugar monomer and positions of the glycosidic linkage

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24
Storage polysaccharides
Chloroplasts in plants Starches Glycogen in animal storage (found it in the liver and muscle cells)
25
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose found in the wall plant cells Enzymes that digests starts by hydrolyzing Chitin (found in the exoskeleton in anthropods)
26
Lipids
Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules | most biologically important ones are bats phospholipids and steroids
27
Fats
Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids
28
Glycerol
Three carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
29
Fatty acid
Carboxyl group attached to one carbon skeleton
30
Triglyceride
Three fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkage
31
Saturated fatty acids
How the max number of hydrogen atoms possible with no double bonds Solid at room temperature Most animal fats
32
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds | liquid at room temperature
33
Essential fatty acids
Include omega three | required for normal growth and thought to protect against cardiovascular disease
34
Major function of Fatty acids
Energy storage | Humans/animals store fat in adipose cells
35
Phospholipids
Two fatty acid and phosphate group attached to glycerol Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group in its attachments form hydrophilic head Major component of all cell membranes
36
Steriods
``` Characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Include cholesterol (important component in animal cell membranes) and sex hormones ```
37
Catalyst
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions with out being consumed by the reaction
38
Polypeptides
Polymers of amino acids
39
Protein
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folder and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
40
Amino acid
Organic molecule possessing an amino group and a carboxyl group
41
Peptide bond
Resulting covalent bond after two amino acids are joined by a dehydration reaction
42
Alpha helix
Delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
43
Beta pleaded sheet
Other main type of secondary structure Two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side-by-side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbone
44
Primary structure of protein
Linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence
45
Secondary structure of protein
The coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
46
Tertiary structure
Overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
47
Disulphide bridges
Covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein
48
Quaternary structure
Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits
49
Collagen
Fibrous protein that has three identical helical polypeptides intertwined into a larger triple helix
50
Hemoglobin
Oxygen binding protein | another example of a globular protein with quaternary structure
51
Denaturation
When a protein is caused to unravel and lose it's native shape
52
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
53
Gene
Consists of DNA which belongs to the class of compounds called nucleic acids
54
Nucleic acids
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
55
Nucleoside
Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group
56
Pyrimidine
One six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
57
Purines
Larger with a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring
58
Sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
59
Sugar in RNA
Ribose
60
Double helix
Have polynucleotides or strands that spiral around an imaginary axis
61
Antiparallel
Two sugar phosphate backbones rub in opposite directions from each other

Biology AP (10 decks)

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