Chapter 2

Question 1

Johnson, 2006

Answer 1

difference and diversity are not problems but the social relations that make differences come to matter are problems (disabilities in classrooms and universal design)

Question 2

Social constructionism

Answer 2

most of what we experience as real is a cultural creation “no one is white before he/she came to America”

Question 3

The white standard (jones, 1993)

Answer 3

dominant research paradigm considers ethnic minorities behaviors as deviant or deficient because they do not reach the standard of the white people

Question 4

Internal and External Validity

Answer 4

Internal - refers to causal inference
External - generalizability
Often at odds with each other

Question 5

Privilege

Answer 5

when one group has something of value that is denied to others simply because of the groups they belong to, rather than because of anything they’ve done or failed to do

Question 6

Epistemic privilege

Answer 6

ease of not being aware of privilege

Question 7

Types of privilege (McIntosh)

Answer 7

unearned entitlements - things of value that all people should have
conferred dominance - giving one group power over another without legitimacy
(systematic, not luck or blessing, not random)

Question 8

Paradoxes of privilege

Answer 8

• Not about the individual but an assumed membership in a group
• Cannot refuse a privilege, it is conferred
• May not feel privileged in the presence of privilege
• Does not mean that your life does not have suffering

Question 9

Functional Equivalence

Answer 9

the equating of items on a test or a survey functionally as opposed to literally ex. beauty and the best to another fairy tale, literary canon in different countries

Question 10

Conceptual equivalence

Answer 10

refers to a term or phrase that is a culturally meaningful equivalent of the term being examined, ex. anxiety, having nerves, nervios

Question 11

Linguistic equivalence

Answer 11

the translation of a term from one language to another that carries with it similar meaninful

Question 12

Metric equivalence

Answer 12

numeric scores that are generally equivalent from one culture to another ex. risk averse - unlikely to choose the end points of the scale

Question 13

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 13

Overturns Plessy V. Ferguson (that ushered in Jim Crow laws)

Ended school segregation

Question 14

Echoes of Brown

Answer 14

Culmination of the opportunity Gap Project which asked teachers and students questions about racial justice in schools

Question 15

Current school practices that contribute to segregation and racial injustice

Answer 15

Academic Tracking
Lack of school supports
Differential patterns of suspensions and other forms of school discipline
Finance inequities

Question 16

Quantitative Research Methods

Answer 16

logical positivism - a scientific approach that attempts to measure the ‘truth’ or real phenomena through methods of numbers and statistical analyses: experiments, surveys, and tests. more valued in psych

Question 17

Qualitative Research Methods

Answer 17

Focus on context, subjectivity, what is that participants think? interviews, case studies, focus groups, discourse analysis

Question 18

Cons of a Multiracial Identity

Answer 18

• Denial of black culture, modern day passing
• multiracial category will not allow tracking of civil rights compliance
• multiraciality is a form of indoctrination
• Not perpetuating culture (Asian argument)
• Racial Pollution (white argument)
• No one is discriminated against for being mixed… people are discriminated against for being black

Question 19

Pros of a Multiracial Identity

Answer 19

• sense of belonging
• not having to choose parentage
• healthy identification