Chapter 3

Question 1

Etic persepective

Answer 1

an attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures

Question 2

Emic perspective

Answer 2

an attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture

Question 3

Imposed etics

Answer 3

the imposition of one culture’s worldview on another culture, assuming that one’s own worldviews are universal

Question 4

Delay of gratification

Answer 4

the ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately

Question 5

Richard Price’s story in The Moth

Answer 5

children being up after midnight and the idea of how riding a bike reflects social class represents differences in worldview

Question 6

Self reliance and worldviews

Answer 6

pursuit of ones own goals not burdeing others -> one is seperate from others, the other includes others in the definition

Question 7

Delay of gratification

Answer 7

the ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately

Question 8

Societal Levels (Triandis)

Answer 8

Individualism: being motivated by ones own preferences, needs, and rights when the come into conflict with the group of which one is a member (western cultures, presence of guilt, competition, being free from social influence
Collectivism: being motivated by the groups preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual (asian cultures, shame, harmony, face saving, and good for the group)

Question 9

Individual Level

Answer 9

Idiocentrism: individualistic tendencies within an individual
Allocentrism: collectivistic tendencies within an individual

Question 10

Dimensions of individualism/collectivism

Answer 10

Vertical: hiearchy, power, and achievement
Horizontal: benevolence, equality, and eqalitarian
(think of the stupid chart)

Question 11

Social Attribution

Answer 11

Locus of control (Rotler):
Internal: events as influenced by controllable internal factors (overestimate control, suspicion of government, less likely to be persuaded)
External: events as influenced by uncontrollable external factors, engage in riskier behaviors (gambling)

Question 12

Time Focus (value orientation)

Answer 12

an orientation that values a particular time perspective. Some cultures value the past, others the present or future

Question 13

Human activity (value orientation)

Answer 13

the distinction among being, being and in becoming and in doing. Being refers to an individual’s being accepted just as he or she is. being and becoming refers to an individual’s evolving into something different and presumably better

Question 14

Gelfand et. al. Differences between tight and loose cultures

Answer 14

Study done across 33 nations (n= 6,823) examing tight a loose cultures.
tight: strong norms and low tolerance for deviant behaviors (caused by threats)
loose: weak norms and a hight tolerance for deviant behaviors
examined proximal (everyday) and distal (historical) influences and causes

Question 15

Gelfand’s findings

Answer 15

Tight cultures have these characteristics:
increase pop. density
decrease of natural resources
decrease percentage of farmland
increased food deprivation
decrease fat protein supply
increase disasters floods
increase territorial threats
increase pathogens, TB
increase child/infant mortality

Question 16

According to Gelfand, which cultures are tight, and which are loose

Answer 16

TIGHT: pakistan, malaysia, india, portugal, and singapore
LOOSE: turkey, estonia, hungary, israel, netherlands, brazil
(order is respective)
US is in the middle, closer to loose