Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How can knowledge of histology help develop regenerative medicine?
A
- You must be familiar with what the body will reject and will not
- Challenges of tissue types: it is not easy to develop nerve cells, compared to tissue cells
2
Q
what types of diseases and health situations can benefit from this technology
A
- Repairing lost limbs, repairing organs, like liver, and heart, burn victims
3
Q
how soon will we benefit from this technology?
A
- within 5 years
4
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissues
5
Q
language of anatomy
A
Usually in greek or latin languages
point of reference always refers to the subjects (pacients) left and right, not yours
6
Q
Body Cavities
A
functions are:
- protects delicate organs
- permit change in size and shape w/o damage to nearby organs
7
Q
ventral cavities
A
ventral cavities contain your visceral organs:
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
8
Q
Dorsal cavities
A
dorsal cavities contain your nervous system:
- cranial
- spinal
9
Q
1st tissue type
A
nervous tissue
10
Q
Nervous tissue
A
-receives analyzes and sends messages through electric signaling
2 types:
-Neuron: communication
-Neuroglia: supports neurons
11
Q
how long can nervous tissue grow?
A
39 in
12
Q
neurons can not
A
divide, they have a limited repair
13
Q
3 main parts to each neuron
A
-cell body
-dendrites: receive info
axon- carry info to other cells
14
Q
muscle tissue
A
specialized for contraction (movement)
- proteins: actin and myosin
- most abundant tissue type in most animals
- 3 types
15
Q
first type of muscle tissue
A
skeletal
- very large, multinucleate cells pushed off to the side of the cell, packed with protein
=up to 10 inches long
- muscle cells= muscle fibers
- muscle fibers are incapable of dividing
=stem cells present to partially repair injury
-marked by striations
- under voluntary nervous control
16
Q
striations
A
stripes
17
Q
2nd type of muscle tissue
A
smooth muscle
- found in organs
- small in size, single nucleus
- since actin is scattered throughout cell, no striations
- smooth muscle cells can divide, therefore can regenerate after injury
- involuntary muscle control
18
Q
third type of muscle tissue
A
cardiac muscle
- found only in the heart
- striated
- typically smaller, can be branched, usually one nucleus
- INTERCONNECTED THROUGH INTERCALATED DISCS
- no stem cells, limited and incomplete rapirs
- do not rely on nervous system- but pacemakers cells
- involuntary control
19
Q
Serous Membranes
A
- Line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
- there are 3, each consist of a simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue
20
Q
Pleura
A
lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs
21
Q
Peritoneum
A
lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach
22
Q
Pericardium
A
lines the pericardial cavity ad covers the heart
23
Q
Parietal portion of the serous membrane
A
lines the inner surface of the cavity
ex: lines the inner surfaces of the pericardial sac that surrounds the pericardial cavity
24
Q
visceral portion of the serous membrane
A
covers the outer surface of organs within the body cavity
ex: covers the heart
25
primary function of any serous membrane
to minimize friction between the opposing parietal and visceral surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape
26
how is friction reduced?
by a watery, serous fluid, formed by fluids diffusing from underlying tissues
27
Cutaneous membrane
skin, covers the surface of the body.
- consists of a stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying dense connective tissues
- thick, waterproof, usually dry
28
Articulations
the joints at which bones contact each other
29
joints that allow free movement are surrounded by what?
a fibrous capsule, and contain a joint cavity lined by a Synovial membrane
30
Synovial membrane
consists of loose connective tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue
31
ends of bones are covered in what?
hyaline cartilage, and separated by a viscous synovial fluid, produced by fibroblasts in the connective tissue of the synovial membrane
32
synovial fluid
helps lubricate the joint, to permit smooth movement
33
muscle tissue
is specialized for contraction
- involves interaction between filaments of myosin and actin
- filaments are numerous and arranged so that their interaction produces a contraction of the entire cell
34
restoration of homeostasis following a tissue injury involves
inflammation and regeneration
35
inflammation
area is isolated from neighboring healthy tissue while damaged cells, tissue components, and any dangerous microorganisms are cleaned up
- produces swelling, warmth, redness, and pain
36
how does inflammation occur?
impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, extreme temperatures
| - when these things happen, they stimulate mast cells
37
mast cells
release chemicals (histamine and heparin) that cause local blood vessels to dilate (enlarge in diameter) and become more permeable
38
regeneration
damaged tissues are replaced or repaired to restore normal function
- fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers known as scar tissue or fibrous tissue
39
tissues that regenerate well
epithelia, connective tissues(except cartliage), and smooth muscle tissue usually regenerate well
40
why is damage to the heart more serious than skin cells?
because your skin is made up of epithelia cells, and your heart is made up of connective tissue, but is only replaced by fibrous connective tissue
41
fibrosis
permanent replacement of normal tissues
42
what happens to tissues during aging?
speed and effectiveness decrease
- epithelial get thinner and connective tissue more fragile
- individuals bruise easier and bones are more fragile
43
functions of epithelia
- provide physical protection
- control permeability
- provides sensation
- produce specialized secretions
44
epithelial tissues
- cover free surfaces(internal and external)
| - also includes glands
45
Intercellular connections
- tight junctions
- gap junctions
- desmosomes
46
tight junctions
- prevent water and solutes from passing between cells
47
gap junctions
- rapid communication
| - cells held together by proteins forming a channel
48
desmosomes
- durable interconnections
| - locked together by intercellular cement and proteins
49
epithelial surfaces
-apical surfaces often have specialized structures: microvilli, cilia
-basement membrane
=provides connection of epithelial cells to the body
=barrier
=network of protein fibers
50
types of epithelial tissue
```
characterized by layers and shapes
-layers: simple vs. stratified
=simple: one layer
=stratified: multiple layers
-shapes: squamous, columnar, or cubodial
```
51
Neuroglia
```
supports neurons
=physical support
=maintain chemical composition of fluids
=supply nutrients
=defend from infection
```
52
squamous epithelial tissue
- thin, plate like
- found: lining the heart and blood vessels, body cavity lining, alveoli in lungs
- function in diffusion, filtration
ex: absorption of gases and nutrients across capillary blood vessels
53
cuboidal epithelial tissue
- square shaped
- found: glands, tubules of kidney, ducts of reproductive tract
- function in secretion
ex: release of hormones from glands
54
columnar epithelial tissue
-tall, column-shaped
=free surface may have microvilli
=finger-like projections that increase surface area
-found: line the GI tract
-function: in secretion and absorption
ex: food absorption in the small intestine
55
stratified epithelial tissue
multiple layers
- mature layers close to or at free surface
- lower, internal layers are germinating (growing)
found: skin, esophagus, stomach
function: in resisting wear and tear
ex: cheek cells
56
Connective Tissue
most diverse group
functions:
- support and protection
- transportation of materials
- storage of energy reserves
- defense of the body
57
Whats in connective tissue?
-specialized cells
-protein fibers
-ground substance
= surrounds cells and fibers- clear, consistency of maple syrup
58
connective tissue types
```
3 types
- connective tissue proper
= fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells
-fluid connective
=blood and lymph
-supporting connective
=cartilage
```
59
Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagen- most abundant
Elastin- like a rubber band
Reticular- thinner
60
collagen
most abundant
- flexible with high tensile strength (end to End)
- highly ordered, bundled
61
Elastin
stretches and returns to original shape
- usually thinner than collagen
- random, branched networks
62
Reticular
Also collagen, but much thinner and no bundling
63
CTP: loose connective
```
Areolar
-least specialized
-separates skin from underlying muscles
Adipose
-Adipocytes
-source of padding and insulation
```
64
DTP: dense connective
mostly collagen fibers
- tendons: muscle to bone
- ligaments: bone to bone
65
Fluid connective Tissue
Blood
| Lymph
66
Blood
-contained by CV system
-suspended in plasma
=RBC
=WBC
=Platelets
67
Lymph
- Contained by lymphatic system
| - filtration of water and solutes
68
Supporting connective tissue
matrix- numerous fiber and mineral deposits
cartiliage
bone
constant remodeling= complete repair
69
avascular
the absence of vessels
70
membranes
different meaning for different functions
- cell: semipermeable membrane
- tissue: basement membrane separates tissues
- protection of structures- epithelial and connective tissues combine
- 4 types
71
Mucous membrane
lines cavities that communicate with the exterior
| ex: lining of stomach
72
types of membranes
- mucous
- serous
- cutaneous
- synovial
73
Serous membrane
lines sealed internal subdivisions of the ventral cavity
| ex: lines and covers the heart
74
Cutaneous membrane
covers the surface of the body
| ex: skin
75
synovial membrane
surrounds joints
76
tissue injuries and repair
have to restore homeostasis
- inflammation: clean up damaged tissues
- regeneration:
=fibroblasts produce dense collagen network-scar.
=different tissues have different abilities to regenerate
77
Adipose
- Adipocytes (fat cells)
| - source of padding and insulation
78
what is the matrix made up of?
numerous mineral and fiber deposits
79
bone
-matrix mostly Ca+ compounds and flexible collagen fibers
-strong and resistant to shattering
structures:
-osteocytes: bone cells reside in lacunae
-canaliculi: provides access to blood
80
cartliage
```
-provides support and flexibility
Chondrocytes-produce gel
=Reside in lacunae
-avascular
-found in: ears, nose, sternum, vertebrae
-resistant to repair
```
81
characteristics of epithelial tissues
- cells bound closely together
- an apical (free) surface
- attached to basement membrane
- avascular (absence of blood vessels)
- continually replaced/ regenerated
