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Anatomy > Muscles and Bones > Flashcards

Muscles and Bones Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A 
support
leverage
protection 
blood cell production
storage- of minerals (calcium, phosphate)
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2
Q

how many bones are you born with?/ as an adult how many do you have?

A

350+

206- bones fuse together as a child

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3
Q

why might infants have more bones?

A

have to be able to fit through birthing canal

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4
Q

what are the Macroscopic features of the Bone?

A

bones- solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
-connective tissue

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

tough, connective tissue covering

- joins with tendons and ligaments

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

inside bone cavities

  • red: makes blood cells
  • yellow: fatty connective tissue
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7
Q

what are the microcsopic features of the bone?

A

compact bone

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8
Q

compact bone

A

dense

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9
Q

osteon

A

basic functional unit

  • arranged around canals
  • aka Haversian system
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10
Q

Spongy Bone

A

lattice adds strength w/o mass

  • no osteon’s
  • calcified matrix forms trabeculae
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11
Q

mass of your bones is made up of

A

minerals
2% cells
1/3 collagen fibers
2/3 ca_3 (PO_4)_2

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12
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

maintain normal bone structure

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

secrete acids and enzymes to break down bony matrix and release minerals
-very large and may contain over 50 nuclei
BREAK DOWN

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14
Q

osteoblast

A

cells that create new bone
-when surrounded by calcified matrix, matures into osteocyte
CREATE

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15
Q

ossification

A

replacing tissues with bone

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16
Q

intramembranous

A

bone grows in membranes

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17
Q

endochondrial

A

bone replaces cartilage

-many long bones have growth plates at either end

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18
Q

ossification by adulthood

A 
cartilage remains where flexibility is needed 
timing of ossification varies
- toes by age 11
-arms and legs 18 (women) 20 (men) 
-pelvis, wrist by age 25
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19
Q

Remodeling

A

Osteoclast activity balanced by osteoblast activity
-18% turnover rate for bone
support
- what you don’t use, you lose
Homeostasis and mineral storage
- body usually only allows 10% chance in calcium

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20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-supports the central axis of body and encases viscera (soft organs)
-includes 80 bones
=skull (29)
=Vertebral column (26)
=Rib cage (25)

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21
Q

The skull is divided into…

Study These Flashcards
A

brain case and facial bones
-8 cranial bones
-14 facial bones
7 associated bones

22
Q

sutures

Study These Flashcards
A

held together by immovable joints
- flexible in young children, becomes fixed as you age
Found in the Skull

23
Q

Hyoid

Study These Flashcards
A

fuses from 3 bones in early adulthood

function: provides anchor point for muscles of tongue and neck

24
Q

Cranial Bones

25
Fontanels
Newborn "soft spots"
26
Foramina
Allow blood vessels and nerves to enter/ leave cranium
27
Foramen Magnum
where medulla oblongata projects out from skull
28
Vertebral Column
Vertebrae are irregular bones consisting of several parts - spinous process: found on the outside - transverse process - vertebral foramen - body: found on the inside
29
how many vertebrae do humans have?
``` have 33/ end with 26 7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (articulate with ribs) 5 lumbar (lower back/ major weight-bearing) 5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum) 4 coccygeal (fused to form the coccyx) ```
30
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrocartilagenous rings that contain a jelly-like fluid | Major role is bearing weight
31
Thoracic Cage
``` protects the visceral organs -sternum =manubrium =body =xiphoid process -ribs -12 pairs of ribs, connected posteriorly to vertebrae Anteriorly: - 1 to 7 connect to sternum -8 to 10 connect with cartilage - 11 to 12 are the "floating ribs" ```
32
Sternum
=manubrium =body =xiphoid process
33
ribs
``` -12 pairs of ribs, connected posteriorly to vertebrae Anteriorly: - 1 to 7 connect to sternum -8 to 10 connect with cartilage - 11 to 12 are the "floating ribs" ```
34
What is the appendicular skeleton
suspended from axial skeleton | includes: bones of limbs, pelvis and shoulder
35
Upper Appendicular Skeleton
``` clavicle scapula humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpals phalanges- fingers ```
36
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
``` pelvis -ilium -ischium -pubic bone Femur Patella Tibia- Thicker Fibula- smaller, fib-little white lie Calcaneus Tarsal Bones- ankle Metatarsals- meet the fat part of foot Phalanges- toes ```
37
articulations (joints) types
where bones meet one another - immovable - slightly movable- little farther apart - freely moveable
38
immovable
(close together) =between bones of skull =between teeth and jaws
39
slightly movable
little farther apart - adjacent vertebrae - R/L halves of anterior pelvis
40
freely moveable joints
most familiar joint
41
types of freely moving joints
- gliding joint- 2 bones come together and glides: clavicle and manubrium - hinge joint-only operates in 2 directions - pivot joint - saddle joint- modified hinge - ball and socket- ball shape at end of bone and sits in a preformed socket
42
structure of joints
-ligament- bone to bone -tendon- bone to muscle -joint capsule =synovial fluid: lubricating film -may have bursae - "shock absorbers" -bones in a joint may be covered by cartilage = ex. meniscus in knee
43
joint disorders
-bursitis- too much fluid fills the bursae and become inflamed -arthritis: inflammation of the joints (affects 10% of population) =over 100 types =osteoarthritis- most common =Rheumatoin- autoimmune disorder -hypermobility "double jointed"
44
appositional growth
occurs as cells of the peritoseum develop into osteoblasts and produce additional bony matrix
45
how does vitamin D play an important role in normal calcium metabolism?
after it is processed in the liver, kidneys convert it into calcitriol, a hormone that stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions into the digestive tract
46
what do reduced amounts of calcium salt cause?
bones to become flexible, bowleggedness is developed
47
during intramembraneous ossification, what type of tissue is replaced by bone?
fibrous connective tissue
48
how can x-rays of the femur be used to determined full height
by looking at the epiphyseal cartilage, if it is still present, bone growth is still occurring
49
how does castration affect height?
removes the source of testosterone, which contributes to a spurt of bone growth. would expect longer (slower) growth period, end up being taller
50
why are women given calcium suplements and encouraged to drink milk, even though their skeletons are fully formed?
to support bone growth in the developing fetus. Body will take mothers calcium and give it to baby if there is not enough

Anatomy (17 decks)

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