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Pharmacology Exam 1 chapters > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Drug movement through the body that is necessary to achieve drug action
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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2
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of drug into the blood stream after administration

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3
Q

Drugs taken by mouth

A

Disentigrate into small particles and then mix with a liquid (dissolution) to be absorbed by GI

Enter bloodstream following absorption across mucousal lining in small intestine. Dependent on villi

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4
Q

Fillers and inert substances (excipients)

A

Simple syrup, vegetable gums, aromatic powder, honey, elixirs

They increase the absorbality of the drug to make It a certain size

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5
Q

enteric coated drugs

A

Resist that gastric acid in stomach so It is absorbed in the small intestine

Should not be crushed

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6
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

High concentration to low

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier protein needed high-low

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9
Q

Active transport

A

Carrier protein low-high

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10
Q

Intramuscular absorption

A

Faster in muscles with increased blood flow

Subcutaneous generally has lower blood flow but are more rapid than by mouth

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11
Q

Rectal absorption

A

Slower than oral drugs.surface area in rectum is smaller

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12
Q

Absorption of oral drugs after GI

A

Intestinal lumen-liver-via hepatic portal vein-liver reduces amount of active drug (first pass effect)

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13
Q

Bioavailability

A

Percentage of available drug available for activity. Varies based on first-pass metabolism

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14
Q

Factors in bioavailability

A 
Drug form 
Route
Gastric mucosa and motility
Administration with food and other drugs
Changes in liver metabolism
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15
Q

Distribution

A

Movement of drug from circulation to body tissues

Influenced by rate of blood flow, drugs affinity to tissue, and protein binding

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16
Q

Protein binding

A

The portion of the drug that is bound to the protein is inactive because It cant interact with tissue receptors

Free drugs can exit blood vessels and reach their site of action

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17
Q

Highly bound protein drugs

A

More than 90% bound
2 highly protein-bound drugs are administered together, they compete for a binding site leading to an increase in free drugs. The higher the binding the more likely to bind.

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18
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

The BBB protects the brain from foreign substances. Blocks 98% of the drugs.

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19
Q

Drug metabolism

A

When the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted. LIVER.

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20
Q

Liver enzymes

A

Collectively referred to as the cytochrome P450 system, convert drugs to metabolites
Lipid soluble-water soluble substance for renal excretion. Some are transformed into active metabolites.

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21
Q

Drug half life

A

The drug half life is the time It takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half. The amount of drug administered, the amount of drug remaining in the body from previous doses, metabolism, and elimination affect the half-life of a drug.

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22
Q

Loading dose

A

A large initial dose that is significantly higher than maintenance dosing, therapeutic effects can be obtained while a steady state is reached

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23
Q

Drug excretion

A

Mainly through the kidneys. Excreted through bile, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk
Urine pH influences drug excretion.

24
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Is the study of the effects of drugs on the body

25
Dose-response relationship
Physiologicalresponse to changes in drug concentration at the site of action. Potency and maximal efficacy
26
Potency
Refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiological response to a drug.
27
Therapeutic index
Which describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose. Narrow therapeutic index needs to have close monitoring
28
Onset
Is the time It takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration
29
Peak
Occurs when It reaches its highest concentration in the blood
30
Duration of action
Is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
31
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Once steady state has been achieved, drug concentration can be determined by measuring peak and trough drug levels.
32
Peak drug level
Highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time, and it indicates the rate of drug absorption.
33
Trough drug level
Lowest plasma concentration of a drug and It measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.
34
Receptor theory
Drugs act by binding to receptors. Binding of the drug may activate a receptor, producing a response, or It may inactivate a receptor, blocking a response.
35
Receptors
Found on cell surface membranes or within the cell itself. Drug-binding sites are primarily on proteins, glycoproteins, prteolipids, and enzymes.
36
Cell membrane embedded enzymes
Ligand binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface. The drug activates the enzyme inside the cell, and a response is initiated
37
Ligand-gated ion channels
Crosses the cell membrane. When the channel opens, ions flow into and out of the cells. Sodium and calcium ions
38
G-protein coupled receptors
Three components to this receptor responses are the receptor, G protein that binds with GTP and the effector, which is an ion or an ion channel
39
Transcription factors
Found in the cell nucleus on DNA, not on the surface.
40
Mechanisms of drug action
``` Stimulation Depression Irritation Replacement Cytotoxic action Anti criminal action And modification of immune status ```
41
Pharmacogenetics
Study of genetic factors that influence an individuals response to a specific drug. Genetic factors can alter drug metabolism, resulting in either enhanced or diminished drug response
42
Pharmecogenomics
Study of how genetics plays a role in the response to drugs
43
Phenocopy
An environmentally induced variation in an organism, c c loosely resembling a genetically determined trait
44
Phenotype
Observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences
45
Polymorphism
The occurrence of different forms, stages, or types in individuals independent of sexual variations
46
Tachyphylaxis
Refers to an acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug.
47
Pharmacokinetics interactions
Changes that occur in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of one or more drugs
48
Pharmacodynamic integrations
Result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic drug effects
49
Additive effect
Sum of the two drug effects
50
Synergistic dug effects and potentiation
Both drugs together is greater than the effect of one drug alone
51
Antagonistic drug effect
One drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other
52
Drug nutrient interactions
MAOI (antidepressant) is taken with tyramine rich foods It causes hypertension
53
Drug induced photosensitivity
Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight | Photoallergic reaction and phototoxic
54
Photoallergic
When a drug undergoes activation in the skin by UV light compound that is more allergenic than the parent compound Only requires previous exposure to light or sensitization to It
55
Phototoxic
Photochemical reactions within the skin to cause damage. Not immune mediated Result of drug dose

Pharmacology Exam 1 chapters (12 decks)

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