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Pysch 1XX3 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

A process by which organisms become better suited to their environment and thereby increase their reproductive success

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2
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

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3
Q

Co-residence duration

A

Cue of relatedness; the longer two individuals lived together throughout childhood, the more likely they are related

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4
Q

Cuckoldry

A

A mate is led to believe that another person’s child is their own

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5
Q

Differential reproduction

A

Organisms have different rates of reproductive success

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6
Q

Diminishing marginal gains

A

A decline in the gain a person derives from the consumption of each additional unit of a product

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7
Q

Direct fitness

A

Personal survival and reproduction

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8
Q

Eugenics

A

The science of trying to improve the human population by controlled breeding to increase desirable heritable traits

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9
Q

Eusocial

A

Species with radical reproductive division of labour; a single female or caste produces the offspring and sterile individuals cooperate in caring for the young

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10
Q

Fertility

A

Ones reproductive ability

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11
Q

Fitness

A

An organisms reproductive success, their ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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12
Q

Fluctuating asymmetry

A

A measure of bilateral traits that are symmetrical over the population as a whole, but not necessarily for an individual. Higher symmetry is considered more desirable.

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13
Q

Gametes

A

A haploid cell that is able to unite with another opposite sex cell to form a zygote

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14
Q

Genetic relatedness (r)

A

An estimate of the proportion of genes shared between individuals

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15
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

rB>C

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16
Q

Heritable

A

When a trait can be transmissible (genetically) from parent to offspring

17
Q

Inbreeding

A

Reproduction among close relatives, especially over generations

18
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

An organism’s ability to pass on their genes to the next generation, taking into account the shared genes that are passed on by relatives

19
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Survival and reproduction of relatives

20
Q

Incest aversion

A

An aversion to mating with close relatives

21
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Competition within individuals to capture the interest of the other sex

22
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Competition within individuals over access to the opposite sex

23
Q

Kin recognition

A

A psychological mechanism that helps an organism to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin

24
Q

Mate choice

A

A component of intersexual selection where selection of a mate depends on the attractiveness of their traits

25
Q

Maternal-perinatal association

A

Older siblings learn to recognize offspring that their mother cares for as younger siblings

26
Q

Natural selection

A

Organisms which are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring thus continuing/increasing the behavioural or physical trait within the population

27
Q

Negatively related

A

r<0, less related than what we would expect by chance

28
Q

Parent-offspring conflict

A

The conflict that arises from differences in optimal parental investment from the viewpoints of the parent and the offspring

29
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics, both physical and behavioural, of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype and environment

30
Q

Phylogeny

A

A pattern of evolutionary development and divergence of distinct lineage from common ancestors

31
Q

Positively related

A

r>0, more related than we would expect by chance

32
Q

Romantic jealousy

A

Feelings of anger and desire to guard a mate/prospective mate from emotionally investing in a new relationship

33
Q

Sexual jealousy

A

Feelings of anger and desire to guard a mate/prospective mate from engaging in a sexual activity with another

34
Q

Sexual selection

A

Natural selection within the mating domain, represented by preferences by one sex for particular characteristics in the opposite sex

35
Q

Social behaviour

A

Actions directed at society or taking place between members of the same species

36
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio

A

Circumference of the waist divided by the circumference of the hips

Pysch 1XX3 (10 decks)

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