Chapter 2

Question 1

how many chromosomes are there?

Answer 1

22 matching chromosomes, the 23rd pair determines the sex

Question 2

What is a karyotype?

Answer 2

Pictorial representation of 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 3

What is mitosis?

Answer 3

Process of DNA duplication, then splitting

Question 4

What is meiosis?

Answer 4

Cell division that forms the eggs and sperm

Question 5

What is the genetic difference between males and females?

Answer 5

Males: XY
Females: XX

Question 6

What is a genotype?

Answer 6

Persons genetic material

Question 7

What is a phenotype?

Answer 7

Observable characteristics

Question 8

What is the dominant and recessive genes principle?

Answer 8

Our gene of a pair exerts its effects (Dominant) override the potential and influence of the other gene (recessive)

Question 9

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 9

Caused by two recessive genes, metabolic disorder, inability to break down phenyalanine

Question 10

Monozygotic twins

Answer 10

(identical) one zygote with same genetic code

Question 11

Dizygotic twins

Answer 11

Two separate zygotes; different genetic codes (fraternal)

Question 12

Down syndrome

Answer 12

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. risk rises with age

Question 13

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 13

(XXY), underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts

Question 14

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 14

abnormality in the X chromosomes, which becomes constricted and often breaks. intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities

Question 15

Turner syndrome

Answer 15

Female X chromosome is missing. intellectual disabilities, sexual underdevelopment, web neck

Question 16

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 16

Impairs functioning of the body red blood cells. Recessive gene, most common in African Americans

Question 17

Germinal Period

Answer 17

Conception - 2 weeks
24 hours after conception - one cell called the zygote. 1 week it is called the blastula, implantation to uterine wall occurs

Question 18

Embryonic period

Answer 18

week 2 - 8. Mass of cells now called an embryo. 14-18 days after conception neural tube forms. organs being to develop

Question 19

Fetal period

Answer 19

Week 9 until birth. now called the fetus, muscles develop and bones Harden. fine tuning of major organs

Question 20

What is a zygote?

Answer 20

a single cell formed 24 hours after conception

Question 21

What is a blastula?

Answer 21

A ball of cells that will eventually turn into the embryo, 1 week in

Question 22

What is the trophoblast?

Answer 22

outer cells, develop into the life support system

Question 23

What is the blastocyst?

Answer 23

Inner cells that develop into the baby

Question 24

What is the neural tube?

Answer 24

future brain and spinal cord

Question 25

What develops in week 2-3?

Answer 25

Central nervous system, eyes

Question 26

What develops in week 4?

Answer 26

Heart, nose, mouth, ears

Question 27

What develops in week 5?

Answer 27

Arms, legs

Question 28

What develops in week 6?

Answer 28

Fingers, toes

Question 29

Alcohol as a teratogen

Answer 29

it takes a lot of oxygen to metabolize alcohol out of your system, so it is taking oxygen away from the baby. it also interferes with cell duplication and production of neurons in the brain

Question 30

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 30

small head, small eyes, flattened face and nose, brain abnormalities, heart defects, defective joints and limbs

Question 31

caffeine as a teratogen

Answer 31

mixed results on it it is a tetrogen, FDA recommends no more than 3 cups her day

Question 32

Nicotine as a teratogen

Answer 32

Nicotine is transmitted to the fetuses bloodstream. it impairs oxygen and nutrients to fetus; low birth weight,, miscarriage, SIDS, ADHD

Question 33

Cocaine as a teratogen effects on baby

Answer 33

Reduced birth weight and head circumference, lowers arousal and quality reflexes, poor self regulation and emotional bonding, can attach itself to sperm

Question 34

Marijuana as a teratogen

Answer 34

More research needed; stillbirth, low birth weight, lower intelligence

Question 35

Heroin as a teratogen effects on baby

Answer 35

Behavior problems at birth, withdrawal symptoms

Question 36

HIV as a teratogen

Answer 36

Mother can affect the baby through placenta, during delivery, and through breast feeding

Question 37

Stress as a teratogen

Answer 37

Cortisol is the stress hormone, it alters the functionality of placenta. interfere with brain development, impaired cognitive development. emotional problems, conduct disorder, ADHA

Question 38

Thalidomide tragedy

Answer 38

Mild tranquilizer used to treat morning sickness cause over 7 thousand babies to be bown with birth defects

Question 39

Syphilis

Answer 39

Damages organs that are already damaged, Blindess, CNS damage, can't cross the placenta in early months

Question 40

toxoplasmosis

Answer 40

Caused by a parasite found in red meat and cat feces. causes eye and brain damage

Question 41

What are the stages of birth?

Answer 41

Uterine contractions get closer together as cervix opens, babies head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal, afterbirth is the third stage when the placenta and umbilical cord are detached

Question 42

What is the Apgar score?

Answer 42

Assessment of the newborns heath at 1 to 5 minutes after birth

Question 43

What is the postpartum period?

Answer 43

the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts both physically and psychologically to the process of childbirth. lasts about 6 weeks

Question 44

What is the difference between postpartum blues and postpartum depression?

Answer 44

Postpartum blues may come and go, and usually goes away after 1 to 2 weeks. Postpartum depression includes major depressive episodes that typically occur about 4 weeks after delivery