Chapter 1 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is the life expectancy overall for people living in the US?
78.7 years
What is the life expectancy for males?
76.6
What is the life expectancy for females?
81.3
What are the characteristics of life-span development?
development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, developmental science is multidisciplinary, contextual, involves growth, maintenance, regulation of off, and is a co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual
What is the biological process of development?
Changes in an individuals, physical nature
What is the cognitive process of development?
changes in an individuals thought, intelligence, and language
what is the socio-emtional process of development?
changes in an individuals relationships with other people, emotions and personality
Nature vs nurture
the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and nurture. nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences
stability vs change
the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
continuity vs discontinuity
the debate about the extent to which development involved gradual, cumulative change, or distinct changes
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Development is a result of unconscious process. there are 5 psychosexual stages, and each stage identifies a different body part utilized to release sexual tension. personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts at these stages. early childhood experiences are very important
Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory
He stressed that development was a lifelong process. identified by 8 psychosocial stages we all go through. we go through a crisis in each stage and how we react and handle the crisis effects the next stage
Piagets cognitive theory
Children actively construct their understanding of the world. there are 4 stages of cognitive development. discontinuous development: each stage consists of a different way of thinking and understanding
Vygotsky’s cognitive theory
children actively construct their knowledge, development is continuous, and he emphasized the role of social interaction and culture
Information processing theory
individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize information. information is not stage like, but continuous, gradual increasing capacity for processing information
Skinner’s theory
operant conditioning. all behaviors are caused by the consequences of the behavior. anything that is a reinforcement will increase the behavior,. punishment will decrease the behavior
Classical conditioning
learning occurs through association
Banduras social learning theory
We learn through observation and imitation. Bandura did the Bobo doll experiment
Social cognitive learning theory
learning and development involve three elements that are reciprocal: behavior, environmental, and person/cognition
Lorenz’s theory
Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Bronfenbrenner’s theory
Children development is influenced by environmental factors
What is the microsystem?
Everyday environment: family, friends, school
What is the mesosystem?
Connections/interactions between aspects of the microsystem
What is the exosystem?
social institutions/indirect environments
