Chapter 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Forebrain (cerebrum)
A
Longitudinal fissure Sulci and gyri Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes Corpus callosum Lateral ventricles Olfactory tracts Olfactory bulbs
2
Q
Forebrain (diencephalon)
A
Third ventricle Thalamus Hypothalamus Infundibulum Pineal gland Optic nerves Optic chiasm Optic tracts
3
Q
Midbrain
A
Cerebral aqueduct
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral peduncles
4
Q
Hindbrain
A
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle
5
Q
Cerebellum
A
Vermis
Cerebellar hemispheres
Arbor vitae
6
Q
Brain
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
7
Q
Cervical part of spinal cord
A
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Dorsal roots - Dorsal root ganglia Ventral roots Cervical spinal nerves Cervical enlargements
8
Q
Cranial cavity
A
Dura mater Cranial nerves (I-XII) Internal carotid arteries Diaphragma sellae Medulla oblongata/spinal cord Vertebral arteries
9
Q
Dura mater
A
Dural septa
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
10
Q
calvaria
A
skullcap
11
Q
wedge cute
A
cutting pattern not to scale
12
Q
nervous system
A
receives, processes, and/or sends both sensory inputs and motor outputs of the body
13
Q
nervous system is composed of two main parts
A
the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
14
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord, which is covered by protective layers called the dural layers or meninges
15
Q
superficial to deep layers
A
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
16
Q
Dura mater
A
is the thickest and strongest layer, it helps keep the brain and spinal cord in specific placement within the cranium and vertebrae, it protects both the brain and spinal cord
17
Q
arachnoid matter
A
also aids in absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
18
Q
dura mater types
A
falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
19
Q
two cerebral hemispheres
A
cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and basal nuceli (basal ganglia)
20
Q
functional part of cerebral cortex
A
thin layer of neurons
21
Q
each hemisphere receives sensory impulses from the opposite side of the body—
A
if your right hand touches a hot stove, that gets processed by the left side of the brain. Motor impulses are then dispatched from the left cerebral cortex to the right side of your body to quickly remove your right hand from the hot stove.
22
Q
cerebral cortex requires
A
an intrinsic communicative ability with the deeper parts of the brain, especially the thalamus
23
Q
thalamus & cortical
A
if the thalamus were damaged, there would be a greater loss of cerebral function experienced by the patient, compared to a patient who only experienced cortical damage. This is because the thalamus triggers excitation of the cortex to initiate cortical activity. Thus, both the cerebral cortex and the thalamus are often thought of as one functioning unit.
24
Q
cycle of CSF
A
- formed by choroid plexuses from the blood plasma
- circulates through ventricles into subarachnoid space
- CSF flows through subarachnoid space
- returns to the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
25
how often is CSF is replaced?
8 hours
26
major function of CSF
Support and cushion brain and cord; help nourish CNS organs
27
cerebral white matter
“contains fiber pathways” that provide a link between cerebral cortical areas (higher brain; cerebral cortex) with each other as well as with subcortical (lower brain; medulla, pons, cerebellum, diencephalon) structures.
28
Links in the brain
provide the brain a network of distributed circuits that enable sensorimotor function, intellect, and emotion
29
3 structures as cerebral white matter
the corpus callosum, the fornix, and the anterior commissure
30
basal ganglia
composed of different subcortical nuclei and work closely with other parts of the brain (including the cerebral cortex) by receiving and sending most input and output signals from the cerebral cortex
31
A large component of the basal ganglia includes
carrying out patterns of motor activity. Examples includes writing, throwing a ball, shooting a basketball, etc
32
basal ganglia play a role
in human behavior & emotions
33
used for communication with each other
cerebral white matter or basal ganglia, the cerebral hemispheres, cortical level, & subcortical level
34
The cerebral hemispheres contain 4 different lobes
frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital
35
Frontal lobe
motor control, some speech, cognitive thinking and even some aspects of personality
36
functional areas specific to frontal lobes are
primarily motor areas
such as the primary motor cortex, frontal eye field, and Broca’s area (the part of our brain that helps us produce speech)
37
Prefrontal association area
incorporates cognitive thinking
38
Parietal lobe
reading, writing, calculations, and sensations, such as hot, cold, touch, or pain
39
Functional areas specific to parietal lobes are
primarily sensory such as the somatosensory cortex, also called the postcentral gyrus
40
Temporal lobes
hearing, speech, and memory
41
functional areas specific to temporal lobes
primarily sensory including auditory function areas
42
3 main gyri present in the temporal lobe
superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)
43
STG
contains an auditory association cortex and also helps process eye movements
44
MTG & ITG
both memory and language processing centers
45
Occipital lobe
processing vision input, the visual cortex
46
4 major lobes are separated by
grooves, or sulci
47
central sulcus
marks a border between frontal and parietal lobes
48
Parieto-occipital sulcus
marks a border between the parietal and occipital lobe
49
Diencephalon, 3 components
epithalamus, thalamus, & hypothalamus
50
epithalamus
helps to connect the limbic system and it contains the pineal gland, which is known for its melatonin secretions
51
thalamus
important for communication with the cerebral cortex, it helps relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for interpretation
52
hypothalamus
carries a multitude of functions (collectively called “vegetative functions”), which are largely centered around the autonomic nervous system
53
hypothalamus regulates
body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, circadian rhythms, hormonal outputs that act on the anterior pituitary gland, or synthesizing hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary
54
cerebellum
processes information from the cerebral cortex by providing “instructions” based on both sensory & motor inputs that allow for coordinated muscles movements.
55
Muscle movements processed by the cerebellum
running, playing an instrument, and even speech
56
Brain stem
midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, and medulla
57
3 function of the brain stem
1) a pathway to transmit information between the spinal cord and cerebrum
2) control of consciousness and vital functions (e.g. respiration)
3) contains many cranial nerve nuclei.
58
midbrain
corpora quadrigemina, cerebral aqueduct, and cerebral peduncles
59
corpora quadreigemia
contains 2 paired “bumps”, resulting in 4 “bumps” total, which contain visual and auditory reflex centers
60
superior colliculus
The superior “bumps”, are move involved with vision
61
inferior colliculus
inferior “bumps”, are more involved with hearing
62
cerebral penduncles
bundles of nerve fibers that aid in transmission of information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. Peduncle means, “little foot” in Latin, "little feet of the cerebrum"
63
pons and medulla work together to
control many subconscious activities and reflexes of our bodies such as: regulation of arterial pressure and respiration, and reflexes such as the feeding reflex
64
carpus callosum
the largest white matter structure in the brain, is a major connector of the cerebral hemispheres to enable communication between both sides of the cerebrum
65
fornix
forms one of the major white matter tracts that makes up the limbic system and it aids in transferring afferent and efferent information between other brain structures
66
fornix connects what structures?
hypothalamus, thalamus, and mammillary bodies
67
limbic system
associated with controlling both our emotional as well as our motivational drives
68
mammillary bodies
are part of the limbic system and help us process memory and smell.
69
anterior commissure
important link between the cerebral hemispheres and is involved with processing acute pain sensations and smell
70
hormone regulators
hypothalamus, especially hormones involved with controlling reproduction function, is connected to the pituitary gland by the infundibulum, and because of its connection, the hypothalamus releases “releasing hormones” to trigger hormone release from the pituitary gland
71
pituitary gland
produces and releases important hormones involved with reproduction as well as hormones that regulate homeostatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure regulation or thyroid activity
72
spinal cord
transmit both motor outputs and sensory inputs by rootlets, or roots, that are located on the ventral and dorsal side of the spinal cord
73
ventral roots
carry motor output
74
dorsal roots
carry sensory input
75
ventral and dorsal roots
spinal nerves
76
spinal nerves split into
ventral and dorsal rami
77
The ventricular system of the brain is important for
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and circulation
78
Cerebrospinal fluid is important
for cushioning and protecting the brain, but also to assist in homeostatic regulations of the cerebral interstitial fluids and facilitate brain development
79
choroid plexuses
clusters of anastomosing capillaries enclosed by pia mater and a layer of specialized cells called ependymal cells
80
How can CSF exit the lateral ventricles and enter the third ventricles?
the interventricular foramen
81
The CSF continues to flow from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct
82
how does it get to the spinal cord?
The CSF exits the fourth ventricle via specific foramen into the subarachnoid space.
83
dural venous system
CSF will become reabsorbed into the dural venous system found within the dural layers surrounding the brain
84
CN I
Olfactory nerve
| -Sensory nerve, carries impulses of smell
85
CN II
Optic nerve
- Sensory nerve; carries afferent impulses for vision
- Fibers arise from retina of eye to form optic nerve and passes through optic canal of orbit, then converges to form the optic chiasma and then continue on into thalamus where they synapse. From there, thalamic fibers run to carry the message of vision to the occipital cortex where it is then interpreted.
86
CN III
Oculomotor nerves
| - Chiefly motor neurons and a few proprioceptive afferents
87
CN IV
Trochlear Nerves
| -motor nerves
88
CN V
Trigeminal nerve; largest of the cranial nerves extending from pons to face
- sensory nerves
89
Trigeminal nerve
opthalamic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale
90
CN VI
Abducens nerves
| -Primarily motor; innvervates lateral rectus muscle
91
CN VII
Facial Nerve
| -Mixed nerves that are chiefly motor nerves with 5 branches
92
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerves
-Mostly sensory; transmits afferent impulses for senses of equilibrium (vestibular division), hearing (cochlear division)
93
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Mixed nerves that innervate part of tongue and pharynx and provides parasympathetic motor fibers to parotid gland
- Sensory fibers conduct taste and general sensory such as touch or pain from pharynx and posterior tongue, and from baroreceptors of carotid sinus
94
CN X
Vagus nerve
-Mixed nerves; nearly all motor fibers are parasympathetic except for those serving skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx
95
CN XI
Accessory nerves
- Mixed nerves; mainly motor, supplied to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid to move head and neck
- Form rootlets that emerge from spinal cord; arise laterally from superior region of spinal cord (C1-C5) and pass upward along spinal cord and enters skull via foramen magnum.
96
CN XII
Hypoglossal nerves
| -Mixed nerves but mainly motor; serves the tongue
97
Arises as nerve fibers from olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity that goes through cribiform plate and synapses in olfactory bulb
olfactory nerve, CN I
98
passes through optic canal (medial to superior orbital fissure) of orbit
optic nerve, CN II
99
pass through bony orbit via the superior orbital fissure to the eye
oculomotor, CN III
100
enter orbit via superior orbital fissure along with oculomotor nerves
trochlear, CN IV
101
Sensory impulses from anterior forehead, upper eyelid, nose, nasal cavity and lacrimal gland
opthalamic division
| superior orbital fissure
102
Sensory impulses from nasal cavity, upper lip, and lower eyelid
maxillary division
| foramen rotundum
103
Sensory impulses from anterior tongue, lower teeth, skin of chin; also innervates some muscles of mastication (motor)
mandibular division
| foramen ovale
104
leave inferior pons and enter orbit via superior orbital fissure
abducens, CN VI
105
from pons and enter temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus running within the bone through the inner ear cavity and emerges from stylomastoid foramen
facial, CN VII
106
within inner ear of temporal bone and pass through internal acoustic meatus to enter brain stem at pons-medulla border
Vestibulocochlear, CN VIII
107
from medulla and leave skull via jugular foramen towards throat
Glossopharyngeal, CN IX
108
from the medulla, passes through the skull via jugular foramen, and descends through neck region into thorax and abdomen
vagus, CN X
109
enters skull via foramen magnum
accessory, CN XI
110
from medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal and travel towards the tongue
hypoglossal, CN XII
111
Test this nerve by examining pupil shape and size with a penlight and also test eye movement by having patient follow objects with their eyes
CN III & CN IV
112
eye will not move laterally
CN VI
113
Test for nerve function by making facial expressions, taste ability, and tearing from ammonia fumes
CN VII
114
parasympathetic impulses to the lacrimal glands, nasal and palatine glands, and submandibular and sublingual glands
facial nerve
115
Use a tuning fork to assess hearing
CN VIII
116
Check uvula position, gag and swallowing reflexes; swallowing will be impaired if this nerve is damaged
CN IX
117
Injury to these nerves would result in head tilted downwards and difficulty shrugging
CN XI
118
Injury would cause difficulties in speech and swallowing; unable to protrude tongue
CN XII
