Chapter 2

Question 1

Basic Assumption

Answer 1

Events are governed by some lawful order

Question 2

4 steps in Scientific Method

Answer 2

Conceptualize a problem
Collect research information (data)
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions

Question 3

What is a Theory?

Answer 3

A broad idea that attempts to explain or predict observations

Question 4

An Hypothesis is defined as..

Answer 4

A testable prediction

Question 5

James Lange Theory

Answer 5

Theory of emotion. A person’s bodily expressions feed back to influence emotion

Question 6

5 Steps to create a Scientific Research Method

Answer 6

Formulate a Hypothesis
Design the study
Collect the data
Analyze the data and draw conclusions
Report the findings

Question 7

Experiment

Answer 7

Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions that results changes so that another variable can be observed

Question 8

Independent Variable

Answer 8

IV: Variable Manipulated

Question 9

Dependant Variable

Answer 9

DV: Variable affected by manipulation

Question 10

What does the independent variable do?

Answer 10

it is the variable that you are controlling or manipulating within a study

Question 11

What does the dependant Variable do?

Answer 11

it is the variable that you are measuring

Question 12

Operational Defintion

Answer 12

Something defined in such that it can be objectively observed and measured

Question 13

Experimental

Answer 13

Receive some special treatment in regard to the Independent Variable

Question 14

Control

Answer 14

Does NOT receive the special treatment, but are treated the same in all other ways

Question 15

Extraneous Variables

Answer 15

Variables other than the Independent that seem likely to influence the dependent variable

Question 16

Cofounding

Answer 16

Variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort cut their specific effects

Question 17

Random Assignment

Answer 17

Each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental or control condition

Question 18

Demonstration

Answer 18

Does random assignment really work?

Question 19

Sample

Answer 19

A collection of subjects selected for observation in a study

Question 20

Population

Answer 20

The larder collection of subjects from which the sample is drawn and to which the researchers want to generalize the study findings

Question 21

Sampling Bias

Answer 21

Exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is down or to which the study results are generalized

Question 22

Placebo Effect

Answer 22

Experiences lead by subjects who receive fake or ineffectual material.

Question 23

Double-Blind Technique

Answer 23

Both subjects and the researcher are kept uninformed about the hypothesis

Question 24

Strengths

Answer 24

Conclusions about cause-and effect can be drawn

Question 25

Weaknesses

Answer 25

Artificial nature of experiments and practical issues

Question 26

Limitations

Answer 26

Can be generalized only to the populations from which sample bias was drawn

Question 27

Advantage of Non-experimental Descriptive Approach

Answer 27

• Generate Ideas & Hypothesis

- Broaden the scope of phenomena that can be studied

Question 28

Disadvantage of Non-experimental Descriptive Approach

Answer 28

Researcher is not controlling variables, he/she cannot make cause/effect statements

Question 29

Statistics

Answer 29

Using mathematics to organize, summarize and interpret numerical data

Question 30

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 30

Organizing & Summarizing data

Question 31

Inferential statistics

Answer 31

Interpreting data & drawing conclusions

Question 32

Measure of central Tendency

Answer 32

Typical or average score in a distribution (mean, median, mode)

Question 33

What is a Mean?

Answer 33

Total average of scores

Question 34

What is a Median?

Answer 34

Total score falling in the centre (middle)

Question 35

What is a Mode?

Answer 35

The most frequently occurring score

Question 36

Variability

Answer 36

How much scores vary from each other and from the mean

Question 37

Standard Deviation

Answer 37

Numerical depiction of variability

Question 38

Correlation

Answer 38

Numerical index of degree of a relationship

Question 39

What is a correlation expressed as?

Answer 39

Any number expressed between 0 and 1. Can be positive or negative

Question 40

Hypothesis Testing

Answer 40

The question of: Do observed findings support the hypothesis

Question 41

Statistical Significance

Answer 41

When the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low