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Psychology > Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

when you’re identifying or reasoning

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2
Q

Sensation

A

any concrete, conscious experience resulting from stimulation of a specific sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory area in the brain.

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Detect stimulus information and transmit it by initiating action potentials

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4
Q

Transduction

A

The meeting of physical energy

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5
Q

Photoreception

A

Response to light

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6
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Response to hearing and touch

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7
Q

Chemoreception

A

Response to smell and taste

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective sensations

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9
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulation that be detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Size of JND proportional to size of initial stimulus

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12
Q

Weber’s fraction for Weight

A

0.2%. So you have to increase or decrease weight by 2% in order to notice difference

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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Detection of stimuli involves decision as well as sensory processes

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14
Q

Response Bias

A

Some are “yea-sayers” others are “nay-sayers”

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15
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

People are able to detect information that be below the level of conscious awareness. In other words, the unconscious

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16
Q

The unconscious

A

information that is processed beneath your level of consciousness

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17
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation. In other words, we don’t respond as strongly to stimuli that is prolonged

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18
Q

Retinal Cells are located..

A

at the back of the eye

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19
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

is a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells

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20
Q

Bipolar Cell Layer

A

exists between photoreceptors

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21
Q

Rods

A

are the receptors in the eye which detect movement. Also used in night vision.

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22
Q

how much do Rods outnumber ones

A

20-1

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23
Q

The Retina

A

A layer of neurons that lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and provides the sensory signals required for vision.

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24
Q

Cones

A

Are receptor cells that help us see fine details of things and tend to help us see in situations where there is light or daylight. Majority of cones are in the centre of the retina

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25
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

a structure in the midbrain that is part of the brain where 10-15% of all information coming through your eyes goes

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26
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

The beginning o f visual processing where specialized input is used for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition

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27
Q

Secondary Visual Cortex

A

Next, signals are shuttled through the SVC, and onward to a variety of other areas in the cortex along a number of pathways.

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28
Q

The Ventral Pathway is also known as..

A

the “what pathway”

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29
Q

The Ventral Pathway Definition

A

processes information about colour, form and texture and moves on to other areas of the temporal lobes

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30
Q

The Dorsal Pathway is also known as..

A

the “where pathway”

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31
Q

The Dorsal Pathway Defintion

A

processes information about motion and depth, also moves on to other areas of the parietal lobe

32
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways

33
Q

Binding

A

Bringing together and integrating what is processed through different pathways or cells.

34
Q

a theory developed by T. Young & H. Von Helmholtz

A

Trichromatic Theory

35
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

proposed that the eye detects 3 primary colours: Red, Blue, Green

36
Q

Opponent Theory of Colour Vision

A

Proposes that one member of the colour pair suppresses the other colour (Red/green..)

37
Q

Opponent Theory of Colour Vision can explain..

A

afterimages

38
Q

This theory argues that we have cells that work together in pairs in the visual processing areas of the brain..

A

Opponent Theory of Colour Vision

39
Q

Synesthesia

A

Crosstalk between visual processing of colour and ideas or concepts that are sequential in nature. Other words, people who associate certain words with colour.

40
Q

Stage 2: Perceptual Organization

A

An internal representation of an object if formed and a percept of the external stimulus is developed

41
Q

Stage 1: Sensation

A

Input & conversion of physical energy to neural codes. Other words, the process of Transduction.

42
Q

Vision for Perception

A

The process of shape that takes place through the temporal lobes

43
Q

Stage 3: Recognition & Identification

A

made for visual processing

44
Q

Visual Ignazia

A

When you cannot identify or recognize what it is that your is organizing

45
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

When a person cannot identify faces

46
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Occurs when your previous learning experiences, your memories, your feelings, your emotions, your motivations influence the way that you perceive, identify or recognize something

47
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Progression from the individual elements to the whole

48
Q

Feature Analysis

A

Process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex forms

49
Q

Single-Cell Recording Experiments

A

Hubel & Weisel: there are separate and independant subsystems that analyze different aspects of same retinal image

50
Q

Feature Detecters

A

Specialized receptor cells within the visual systems that are involved in assembling the individual elements of visual input complex forms

51
Q

Hierarchical processing of Visual information

A

There are classes of neurons in the Thalamus that respond to only certain stimuli

52
Q

Hubel & Wisel’s experiment involved

A

Cats that were put into a stimulus that projected various pictures onto a screen in accordance to their response

53
Q

Perception is…

A

highly subjective

54
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

55
Q

Perceptual context

A

other stimuli that are present at the same time

56
Q

Various Factors in perceiving sensory stimuli

A
  • Selective Attention
  • Shifting attention
  • Affected by motivational and interact factors
  • failures in selective attention
57
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

Not paying attention to something in your visual feild

58
Q

Change Blindness

A

When entire aspects of a persons visual environment changes, and they’re not away because they weren’t paying attention to those aspects

59
Q

Binocular Cues

A

clues from both eyes together

  • Retinal disparity
  • Convergence
60
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Cues from a single eye

  • Motion parallax
  • accommodation
  • pictorial depth cues
61
Q

Olfaction

A

detects airborne chemicals (sense of smell)

62
Q

Gustation

A

detects chemicals in solution that come into contact with receptors inside the mouth (sense of taste)

63
Q

Muller-Lyer Illusion

A

2 Horizontal lines produce exactly the same retinal image but one is perceived as father away and therefore longer.

64
Q

The Ponzo Illusion

A

The Ponzo illusion is a geometrical-optical illusion that was first demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo. He suggested that the human mind judges an object’s size based on its background. He showed this by drawing two identical lines across a pair of converging lines, similar to railway tracks.

65
Q

The Olfactory system

A

The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the sensory system used for smelling. Olfaction is one of the special senses, that have directly associated specific organs.

66
Q

SMELL

A

direct route to the brain

67
Q

“Tip of the nose” Phenomenon

A

Being able to recognize a smell but not be able to identify it

68
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemicals released by one animal and when detected by another, can shape the second animals behaviour or physiology

69
Q

TASTE

A

substances penetrate tiny pores in the papillae, and stimulate taste receptors. Signals are then sent to the Thalamus and then to the cortex of the frontal lobe.

70
Q

Taste Receptors

A

Hairlike receptors that begin the process of Transduction

71
Q

Super Tasters VS Non Tasters

A

Is the number of taste receptors that one has

72
Q

SuperTaster

A

has around 4x more working taste receptors than the Non Taster. So their experience of bitter and sweet is much more intense than that for the non tasters.

73
Q

SIGHT

A

the way that food looks influences its taste

74
Q

2 sense that form together to form the system of Flavour

A

Smell & Taste

75
Q

Prompt Strong emotional responses

A

Taste & Odours

76
Q

Affects taste and flavour of food and motivation to eat particular foods

A

Nutritional State

Psychology (7 decks)

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