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Psychology > Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Perception

A

when you’re identifying or reasoning

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2
Q

Sensation

A

any concrete, conscious experience resulting from stimulation of a specific sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory area in the brain.

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Detect stimulus information and transmit it by initiating action potentials

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4
Q

Transduction

A

The meeting of physical energy

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5
Q

Photoreception

A

Response to light

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6
Q

Mechanoreception

A

Response to hearing and touch

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7
Q

Chemoreception

A

Response to smell and taste

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between physical stimulation and subjective sensations

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9
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulation that be detected 50% of the time

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10
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Size of JND proportional to size of initial stimulus

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12
Q

Weber’s fraction for Weight

A

0.2%. So you have to increase or decrease weight by 2% in order to notice difference

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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Detection of stimuli involves decision as well as sensory processes

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14
Q

Response Bias

A

Some are “yea-sayers” others are “nay-sayers”

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15
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

People are able to detect information that be below the level of conscious awareness. In other words, the unconscious

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16
Q

The unconscious

A

information that is processed beneath your level of consciousness

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17
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation. In other words, we don’t respond as strongly to stimuli that is prolonged

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18
Q

Retinal Cells are located..

A

at the back of the eye

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19
Q

Ganglion cell layer

A

is a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells

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20
Q

Bipolar Cell Layer

A

exists between photoreceptors

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21
Q

Rods

A

are the receptors in the eye which detect movement. Also used in night vision.

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22
Q

how much do Rods outnumber ones

A

20-1

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23
Q

The Retina

A

A layer of neurons that lines the inner surface of the back of the eye and provides the sensory signals required for vision.

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24
Q

Cones

A

Are receptor cells that help us see fine details of things and tend to help us see in situations where there is light or daylight. Majority of cones are in the centre of the retina

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25
Superior Colliculus
a structure in the midbrain that is part of the brain where 10-15% of all information coming through your eyes goes
26
Primary Visual Cortex
The beginning o f visual processing where specialized input is used for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition
27
Secondary Visual Cortex
Next, signals are shuttled through the SVC, and onward to a variety of other areas in the cortex along a number of pathways.
28
The Ventral Pathway is also known as..
the "what pathway"
29
The Ventral Pathway Definition
processes information about colour, form and texture and moves on to other areas of the temporal lobes
30
The Dorsal Pathway is also known as..
the "where pathway"
31
The Dorsal Pathway Defintion
processes information about motion and depth, also moves on to other areas of the parietal lobe
32
Parallel Processing
Simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways
33
Binding
Bringing together and integrating what is processed through different pathways or cells.
34
a theory developed by T. Young & H. Von Helmholtz
Trichromatic Theory
35
Trichromatic Theory
proposed that the eye detects 3 primary colours: Red, Blue, Green
36
Opponent Theory of Colour Vision
Proposes that one member of the colour pair suppresses the other colour (Red/green..)
37
Opponent Theory of Colour Vision can explain..
afterimages
38
This theory argues that we have cells that work together in pairs in the visual processing areas of the brain..
Opponent Theory of Colour Vision
39
Synesthesia
Crosstalk between visual processing of colour and ideas or concepts that are sequential in nature. Other words, people who associate certain words with colour.
40
Stage 2: Perceptual Organization
An internal representation of an object if formed and a percept of the external stimulus is developed
41
Stage 1: Sensation
Input & conversion of physical energy to neural codes. Other words, the process of Transduction.
42
Vision for Perception
The process of shape that takes place through the temporal lobes
43
Stage 3: Recognition & Identification
made for visual processing
44
Visual Ignazia
When you cannot identify or recognize what it is that your is organizing
45
Prosopagnosia
When a person cannot identify faces
46
Top-Down Processing
Occurs when your previous learning experiences, your memories, your feelings, your emotions, your motivations influence the way that you perceive, identify or recognize something
47
Bottom-up Processing
Progression from the individual elements to the whole
48
Feature Analysis
Process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex forms
49
Single-Cell Recording Experiments
Hubel & Weisel: there are separate and independant subsystems that analyze different aspects of same retinal image
50
Feature Detecters
Specialized receptor cells within the visual systems that are involved in assembling the individual elements of visual input complex forms
51
Hierarchical processing of Visual information
There are classes of neurons in the Thalamus that respond to only certain stimuli
52
Hubel & Wisel's experiment involved
Cats that were put into a stimulus that projected various pictures onto a screen in accordance to their response
53
Perception is...
highly subjective
54
Perceptual Set
A readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
55
Perceptual context
other stimuli that are present at the same time
56
Various Factors in perceiving sensory stimuli
- Selective Attention - Shifting attention - Affected by motivational and interact factors - failures in selective attention
57
Inattention Blindness
Not paying attention to something in your visual feild
58
Change Blindness
When entire aspects of a persons visual environment changes, and they're not away because they weren't paying attention to those aspects
59
Binocular Cues
clues from both eyes together - Retinal disparity - Convergence
60
Monocular Cues
Cues from a single eye - Motion parallax - accommodation - pictorial depth cues
61
Olfaction
detects airborne chemicals (sense of smell)
62
Gustation
detects chemicals in solution that come into contact with receptors inside the mouth (sense of taste)
63
Muller-Lyer Illusion
2 Horizontal lines produce exactly the same retinal image but one is perceived as father away and therefore longer.
64
The Ponzo Illusion
The Ponzo illusion is a geometrical-optical illusion that was first demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo. He suggested that the human mind judges an object's size based on its background. He showed this by drawing two identical lines across a pair of converging lines, similar to railway tracks.
65
The Olfactory system
The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the sensory system used for smelling. Olfaction is one of the special senses, that have directly associated specific organs.
66
SMELL
direct route to the brain
67
"Tip of the nose" Phenomenon
Being able to recognize a smell but not be able to identify it
68
Pheromones
Chemicals released by one animal and when detected by another, can shape the second animals behaviour or physiology
69
TASTE
substances penetrate tiny pores in the papillae, and stimulate taste receptors. Signals are then sent to the Thalamus and then to the cortex of the frontal lobe.
70
Taste Receptors
Hairlike receptors that begin the process of Transduction
71
Super Tasters VS Non Tasters
Is the number of taste receptors that one has
72
SuperTaster
has around 4x more working taste receptors than the Non Taster. So their experience of bitter and sweet is much more intense than that for the non tasters.
73
SIGHT
the way that food looks influences its taste
74
2 sense that form together to form the system of Flavour
Smell & Taste
75
Prompt Strong emotional responses
Taste & Odours
76
Affects taste and flavour of food and motivation to eat particular foods
Nutritional State

Psychology (7 decks)

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