Chapter 2 and 3

Question 1

Psychological Development refers to…

Answer 1

changes in functioning across multiple domains over a life time

Question 2

Nature or Nurture?

Answer 2

Both have a key roll in influencing development and interact with one another.

Question 3

Hereditary factors (nature)

Answer 3

genetically passed down.

Question 4

Environmental factors (nurture)

Answer 4

factors from physical or social surroundings

Question 5

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 5

reflects how biological, psychological, and social factors interact and influence development

Question 6

biological factors

Answer 6

genetic and/or physical facotrs

Question 7

Psychological factors

Answer 7

factors relating to a persons mind, thoughts and feelings

Question 8

Social factors

Answer 8

factors relating to a person’s relationships or external environment

Question 9

Emotional Development

Answer 9

Life long development of skills that allow control, expression and recognition of emotions in an appropriate way.

Question 10

4 elements of EQ (emotional intelligence)

Answer 10

1. perceive and judge emotions accurately.
2. access and evoke emotions
3. comprehend emotions (language and information)
   4, regulate own or others emotions

Question 11

Attachment

Answer 11

the emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.
- formed based on physical touch comfort

Question 12

Three stages of attachment

Answer 12

secure attachment
insecure-avoidant
insecure-anxious

Question 13

Cognitive development

Answer 13

The development of mental processes over a lifespan. the move from concrete (literal form) to symbolic thinking (sophisticated).

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

taking in new information and fitting it to an existing mental idea

Question 15

Accommodation

Answer 15

changing an existing idea in order to fit new information

Question 16

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 16

stages of cognitive development. based of evidence from his own children

Question 17

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

Answer 17

object permanence developed
goal-directed behavior- can influence the physical world around

Question 18

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

Answer 18

Ego-centrism- inability to see things from another’s perspective
Animism- the belief that objects have consciousness
Centration- focus on one object at a time

Question 19

Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)

Answer 19

conservation- object doesn’t change in mass
classification- the grouping of things based on different categories.

Question 20

Formal operational stage (12+ years)

Answer 20

Abstract thought- considering concepts that are not tangible (love, freedom)
logic- the ability to objectively consider a problem from multiple pathways.

Question 21

Social Development

Answer 21

active learning of skills and behaviors that enable social interactions over a lifetime.

Question 22

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development

Answer 22

see table on onenote

Question 23

Maturation

Answer 23

(the process of maturing) biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence (that differs from person to person.

Question 24

Brain plasticity (during maturation)

Answer 24

the brain’s ability to change shape in response to experience and learning. this allows development of mapped-out skills.

Question 25

Critical periods

Answer 25

the narrow rigid developmental period in which a specific function or skill is to be learned in the fastest and easiest way. if not learned in the critical perod, may not ever be leaned.

Question 26

sensitive period

Answer 26

the optimal developmental period for specific functions or skills to be learned in the fastest and easiest way.

Question 27

Typical behaviour

Answer 27

consistent with how a person normally reacts

Question 28

Atypical behavior

Answer 28

Unusual for how the person normally reacts

Question 29

Psychological criteria: cultural perspectives

Answer 29

influence of society on feelings and behaviors- e.g.- nationality group, religious background

Question 30

Psychological criteria: social norms

Answer 30

unofficial rules according to how a person should react

Question 31

Psychological criteria: statistical rarity

Answer 31

something that lies outside the range of something that is considered normal, enough so to be significant, e.g- a baby only starting to walk at age 3

Question 32

Psychological criteria: personal distress

Answer 32

atypical, self-oriented negative emotional reaction

Question 33

Psychological criteria: maladaptive behavior

Answer 33

atypical, action that impairs the ability to meet changing needs of everyday life.

Question 34

Normality

Answer 34

behaviours considered to be common or acceptable.

Question 35

Abnormality

Answer 35

behaviours considered to deviate from the norm

Question 36

Normality: socio-cultural

Answer 36

normal according to a particular set of codes relating to culture or social context

Question 37

Normality: Functional

Answer 37

normal if thoughts, feelings, and behaviors allow coping with everyday life.

Question 38

Normality: Historical

Answer 38

what people think is normal changes through different historical periods

Question 39

Normality: statistical

Answer 39

normality is based on what the majority of people think, feel or behave

Question 40

Normality: Situational

Answer 40

normality is based on what is acceptable in different contexts

Question 41

Adaptive development vs Maladaptive

Answer 41

adaptive is being able to adjust appropriately. compared to maladaptive behaviour.

Question 42

Neurotypicality

Answer 42

individuals who display expected neurotypical functioning. Exists on a continuum with neurodiversity.

Question 43

Neurodiversity

Answer 43

variations in neurotypical development and functioning

Question 44

neurodivergent

Answer 44

an individual that has a variation in neurotypical development and functioning.

Question 45

psychiatrists

Answer 45

a doctor who specializes in mental health and wellbeing - can diagnose - can prescribe - can create management plans - need a medical degree (up to 12 years of study)

Question 46

Psychologist

Answer 46

professionally trained in one or more branches of psychology - can diagnose - cannot give meds - can help through therapy and counseling - can create management plans - need psychology degree including post-grad study (up to 6 years)

Question 47

Mental health workers

Answer 47

members of a mental health treatment team - can support through counseling, education programs, and managing mental health records