Chapter 2; Atomic Structure and Radioisotopes

Question 1

elements consist of only […] type of atom, and cannot be broken down into anything […]

Answer 1

One
Smaller

Question 2

compounds ..

Answer 2

consists of more than one type of atom, and can be broken down into their elements by chemical means

Question 3

atoms..

Answer 3

consist of a small, very dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that are rapidly moving

Question 4

electron cloud is..

Answer 4

the region where electrons are more likely to be found

Question 5

mass of atoms expressed as relative units

Answer 5

atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da)

Question 6

protons (+1) and neutrons (zero charge) are located in the …

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

electrons (-1) are located in the

Answer 7

electron cloud

Question 8

subatomic particle
Charge and mass
proton
neutron
electron

Answer 8

+1 1.007
0 1.009
-1 0.000559

Question 9

mass of an atom is compromised of…

Answer 9

protons and neutrons

Question 10

volume of an atom

Answer 10

determined by electrons

Question 11

charge of an atom

Answer 11

determined by number of protons and electrons

Question 12

atomic symbol…

Answer 12

abbreviation assigned to each element

Question 13

atomic number…

Answer 13

number of protons

Question 14

atomic mass

Answer 14

average mass of the atoms of an element

Question 15

what are group elements

Answer 15

going down on periodic table

Question 16

what are periods

Answer 16

going across periodic table

Question 17

what can too much fluoride cause

Answer 17

bones and teeth brittle
+
enlarged thyroid

Question 18

atomic number =

Answer 18

protons and electrons

Question 19

how to find neutrons

Answer 19

mass - atomic # (protons)

Question 20

all atoms of an element

Answer 20

• contain the same number of protons and electrons
• may contain different numbers of neutrons

Question 21

isotopes …

Answer 21

are atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
(different forms of a single element)

Question 22

how to identify mass number with isotopes (diff neutrons)

Answer 22

mass # = # protons +# neutrons

Question 23

how to name an isotope with its name

Answer 23

element name-mass number
e.g. iodine-125

Question 24

how to name an isotope with its symbol

Answer 24

atomic symbol-mass number
I-125

Question 25

how to name an isotope as a nuclear symbol

Answer 25

mass number atomic number (right of both in middle atomic symbol) e.g. 125 I 53

Question 26

how to calculate average atomic mass

Answer 26

(mass isotope 1) x (fractional abundance) + ( mass isotope 2) x (fractional abundance) side note; fractional abundance is divided by 100%

Question 27

what group is group 1A

Answer 27

alkali metals

Question 28

what group is group 2A in

Answer 28

alkali earth metals

Question 29

what group is group 7A in

Answer 29

halogens

Question 30

what group is group 8A in

Answer 30

noble gases

Question 31

what group is the middle in

Answer 31

transition metals

Question 32

what group is the bottom, left over, elements in

Answer 32

inner transition elements

Question 33

what groups are main group elements

Answer 33

1A - 8A

Question 34

elements within a group share...

Answer 34

similar physical and chemical properties

Question 35

what do the arrangement of electrons represent

Answer 35

physical and chemical properties of the elements

Question 36

what is quantum mechanics

Answer 36

electrons can have only certain *allowed* energy levels n= symbol for allowed energy levels

Question 37

electrons are always moving so they have...

Answer 37

kinetic energy

Question 38

valence electrons

Answer 38

interacting with matter , outermost electrons, form compounds farthest from nucleus

Question 39

how to determine the number of valence electrons

Answer 39

of group (e.g. 1A = 1 va, 8A = 8 va)

Question 40

radioisotopes ... (radioactive isotope)

Answer 40

- unstable nucleus - undergoes decay to become more stable (spontaneous process) - radiation is emitted during decay

Question 41

what are the high energy particles of radiation

Answer 41

a (alpha ) particle B (beta) particle

Question 42

what are the high energy light wave

Answer 42

y (gamma)-ray x-ray

Question 43

all isolates with atomic number greater than [...] are radioactive

Answer 43

82

Question 44

what does the alpha decay release

Answer 44

alpha particle from isotope - slow moving, high energy particle, +2 charge 4 a 2

Question 45

what is nuclear equation

Answer 45

parent nuclide -> daughter nuclide + a particle

Question 46

B (beta) decay

Answer 46

release of a beta particle - travel 90% speed of light - high energy electron daughter nuclide has - same mass number as the parent - atomic # = to the parent atomic number +1 0 B -1

Question 47

half life ...

Answer 47

time needed for 1/2 of the parent nuclides to decay into daughter nuclides - different radioisotopes decay at different rate - radioisotopes decay exponentially

Question 48

alternate half life approach

Answer 48

N = (1/2) ^n N fraction of isotope remaining n number of half lives

Question 49

electromagnetic radiation (light)...

Answer 49

- energy that travels through space as a wave - different light waves have different wavelengths

Question 50

wavelength - distance from top of one wave crest to next

Answer 50

- radio waves - very long wavelengths ( low energy) - gamma rays - very short wavelengths (high energy= more potential damage to us)

Question 51

energy of light waves is inversely proportional to wavelenght

Answer 51

long wavelengths = lower energy short wavelengths = higher energy - ionizing radiation can dislodge valence radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, higher energy UV)

Question 52

daughter nuclide initially may be produced in an [...] (high energy), also called [...}

Answer 52

excited state metastable (m) 0 Y (gets rid of m) 0 release of gamma rays for more stable state

Question 53

parent nuclide =

Answer 53

unstable

Question 54

daughter nuclide can also be unstable so...

Answer 54

release gamma rays

Question 55

exposure can be

Answer 55

acute (single exposure) or chronic (many smaller doses)

Question 56

radiation sickness...

Answer 56

results from acute exposure to radiation

Question 57

absorbed dose radiation - gray (Gy) ...

Answer 57

measures amount of energy absorbed by an individual

Question 58

effective dose - sievert (Sy) ...

Answer 58

represents the biological damage based on both the energy and the penetrating power of the radiation