Chapter 3; Ionic and Covalent Compounds Flashcards by Gisel Maravilla Hernandez

atoms are held together by…

chemical bonds

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ionic bonds…

form when valence electrons are transferred

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covalent bonds…

form when valence electrons are shared

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compounds have […] potential energy than the separate atoms that form them

lower

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atoms form compounds to attain […] valence energy levels

filled

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noble gas atoms have […] valence energy levels and do not form chemical bonds

filled
- don’t react to anything

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ionic compounds -

also called salts
- composed of oppositely charged ions
- simplest ionic compounds contain monoatomic ions

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what is monatomic ions

when metal atoms transfer electrons to nonmetal atoms

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a neutral metal atom [….] forming a positively charged ion, a monatomic cation

loses electron(s)

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a neutral nonmetal atom […] forming a negatively charged ion, a monatomic anion

gains electron (s)

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Ionic bond

strong electrostatic between oppositely charged cations and anions

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what is the strongest type of bond

ionic bond

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ionic compounds -

held together by strong attraction of opposite charges
- net charge equal to zero, determines ratio of cations to anions
ratio is reflected in subscripts of the compounds formula unit

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charge =

protons - electrons

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monatomic cations and anions

result from transfer of electrons
unequal numbers of protons and electrons
have symbol (same as atom) with charge as superscript

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what are electrolytes

ions dissolved in water to conduct electricity

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what are the exceptions to gaining or loosing electrons

Beryllium, Be
Boron, B

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groups 1A, 2A, 3A are

cations (loose all their valence electrons)
cation charge = group number

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Group 4A Metal and Transition Metal Cations

don’t always lose all their valence electrons. charge is less predictable
if it loses a variable number of electrons to form more than one ionic charge, use Roman numeral in name
Only elements with variable charges have roman numerals in name
(Ag + Zn exceptions)

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iron can loose

2 or 3 electrons

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groups 5A, 6A, and 7A anions nonmetals gain…

enough electrons to fill valence energy level

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monatomic groups 5A, 6A, and 7A anions names use the name of the element with an…

ide and +ion

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writing the formula unit for an ionic compound

list cation symbol, then anion symbol
subscripts indicate lowest, whole-number ratio
sum of charges on cations and anions must equal zero

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writing the name from the formula

name the cation
name the anion
subscript information is NOT included
CaBr2 is Calcium Bromide
use roman numerals to indicate the charge of ions of metals that can exist in more than one form

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polyatomic ions...

derive from molecules, not atoms - contain one or more covalent bonds - contain an unequal number of protons and electrons - each has a unique name, formula, and charge - molecule that has gained or lost valence electrons and therefore has a charge

acetate

C ₂H ₃O₂ (1 neg charge)

carbonate

CO₃²⁻

cyanide

CN (-1 charge)

dihydrogen phosphate

H(subscript 2)PO(subscript 4) (-1 charge)

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

HCO(subscript 3) (-1 charge)

hydrogen phosphate

HPO(subscript 4) (-2 charge)

Hydroxide

OH (-1 charge)

hypochlorite

ClO (-1 charge)

nitrate

NO(subscript 3) (-1 charge)

nitrite

NO(subscript 2) (-1 charge)

phosphate

PO(subscript 4) (-3 charge)

sulfate

SO(subscript 4) (-2 charge)

sulfite

SO(subscript 3) (-2 charge)

ammonium

NH(subscript4) (+1 charge)

hydronium

H(subscript 3)O (+1 charge)

writing formula units for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions

- same procedure as for monatomic ions - enclose polyatomic ion in parentheses if a subscript is need

naming ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions

- name the cation - name the anion - use the name of the polyatomic ion

covalent compounds...

composed of two or more nonmetal atoms joined by covalent bonds

certain elements exist as molecules, the [...] elements

diatomic e.g. H2, N2, O2, F2 2 = subscripts

a [...] is a type of covalent bond formed when two atoms share two valence electrons, typically contributed by each atom

single bond

in molecular formulas; specify the [..] in each molecule as subscripts, usually in alphabetical order

*number of each type of atom*

naming simple binary compounds

- name the first element, then name the second element change the ending to -ide - insert prefixes indicating the number of each atom type - mono- prefix used only for the second element - N(sub 2)O is dinitrogen monoxide, whereas NO is nitrogen monoxide

mono

tri

tetra

penta

hexa

what makes a compound ionic

metal with nonmetal bond

molecular formula and chemical structures -

- do show number and type of atoms in a molecule - do NOT show how atoms are arranged or the type of chemical bonds in the molecule - chemical structures show how atoms are arranged and the type of chemical bonds in the molecule

lewis dot structures...

account for all valence electrons present in the molecule

octet rule...

bonds form between atoms to fill valence energy levels (usually eight electrons) - hydrogen = exception b/c only needs two electrons

how many bonds are needed for groups 4A - 7A

4A - four for octet 5A - 3 bonds 6A - 2 bonds 7A - 1 bond

nonbonding pair

2 electrons (dots)

bonding pair

2 electrons (line)

single bond...

one pair of shared electrons

double bond...

two shared pairs

triple bond...

three shared pairs

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Carbon, C have?

4 bond 0 nonbonding

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Nitrogen, N and Phosphorus, P have

3 bond 1 non bond

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Oxygen, O and Sulfur, S have

2 bond 2 nonbonding

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Halogens, F, Cl, Br, I have

1 bond 3 nonbond

how many bonding and nonbonding pairs does Hydrogen, H

1 bond 0 nonbond

steps for writing a lewis dot structure from a molecular formula

1. determine the total number of valence electrons the molecule 2. determine the central atom and place a single bond between the central atom and each atom bonded to it 3. calculate the number of remaining valence electrons and distribute them as nonbonding pairs (outer atoms first, then the central atom) to fulfill octets 4. if central atom is short of an octet, turn nonbonding pairs of electrons bonds to make double or triple bonds

expanded octet...

period 3 elements can have more than eight electrons in valence energy level

Chapter 3; Ionic and Covalent Compounds Flashcards

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