Chapter 2: Atoms, Ions, & Molecules

Question 1

Radioactivity

Answer 1

The spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation & particles by materials

Question 2

Electron

Answer 2

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge & little mass

Question 3

Beta particle

Answer 3

A radioactive emission equivalent to a high-energy electron

Question 4

Alpha particle

Answer 4

A radioactive emission with a charge of 2+ and a mass equivalent to that of a helium nucleus

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

The positively charged Center of an atom that contains nearly all the atom’s mass

Question 6

Protons

Answer 6

A positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of an atom

Question 7

Neutron

Answer 7

An electrically neutral (uncharged) subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Question 8

Unified atomic mass units (u)

Answer 8

Unit used to express the relative masses of atoms & subatomic particles; it is exactly 1/2 the mass of one atom of carbon with 6 protons & 6 neutrons in its nucleus

Question 9

Dalton (Da)

Answer 9

A unit of mass identical to 1 unified atomic mass unit(u); thus 1Da=1u

Question 10

Isotopes

Answer 10

Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons

Question 11

Atomic number (Z)

Answer 11

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 12

Nucleons

Answer 12

Either a proton or a neutron in a nucleus

Question 13

Mass number (A)

Answer 13

The number of nucleons in an atom

Question 14

Nuclide

Answer 14

At atom with particular numbers of neutrons & protons in its nucleus

Question 15

Average atomic mass

Answer 15

The weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes of the element

Question 16

Natural abundances

Answer 16

The proportion of an isotope, usually expressed in percent, relative to all the isotopes of that element in a natural sample

Question 17

Periods

Answer 17

The 7 Horizontal row in the periodic table

Question 18

Groups or families

Answer 18

The 18 columns - all the elements in the same column of the periodic table

Question 19

Metals

Answer 19

The elements on the left side of the periodic table that are typically shiny solids that conduct heat and electricity well and are malleable and ductile

Question 20

Nonmetals

Answer 20

The elements with properties opposite of metals, including poor conductivity of heat & electricity

Question 21

Metalloids or semi metals

Answer 21

The elements along the border of metals and nonmetals; they have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties

Question 22

Main group elements

Answer 22

The elements in groups 1-2 and 13-18 of the periodic table

Question 23

Transition metals

Answer 23

The elements in groups 3-12

Question 24

Halogens

Answer 24

The elements in group 17 of the periodic table (salt formers)

Question 25

Alkali metals

Answer 25

The elements in group 1 of the periodic table

Question 26

Alkaline earth metals

Answer 26

The elements in group 2 of the periodic table

Question 27

Noble gases

Answer 27

The elements in group 18 of the periodic table

Question 28

Law of multiple proportions

Answer 28

The principle that, when 2 masses of one element react with a given mass of another element to form 2 different compounds, the 2 masses of the first element have a ratio of 2 small whole numbers

Question 29

Molecular compounds

Answer 29

A compound composed of molecules that contain the atoms of 2 or more elements covalently bonded together

Question 30

Covalent bonds

Answer 30

A bond between 2 atoms created by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

Question 31

Molecular formulas

Answer 31

A notation showing the number & type of atoms present in one molecules of a molecular compound

Question 32

Ionic compounds

Answer 32

A compound composed of positively & negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction

Question 33

Empirical formulas

Answer 33

A formula showing the smallest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound

Question 34

Formula unit

Answer 34

The smallest electrically neutral unit of an ionic compound

Question 35

Chemical nomenclature

Answer 35

The rules that are followed in naming substances

Question 36

Organic compounds

Answer 36

Compound composed of molecules containing carbon combined with hydrogen and other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Question 37

Polyatomic ions

Answer 37

A charged group of 2 or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

Question 38

Heteroatoms

Answer 38

An atom of element other than carbon & hydrogen within a molecule of an organic compound

Question 39

Organic chemistry

Answer 39

The study of organic compounds (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the halogens)

Question 40

Hydrocarbons

Answer 40

An organic compound whose molecules are composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 41

Alkenes

Answer 41

A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 42

Alkanes

Answer 42

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds

Question 43

Alkynes

Answer 43

A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

Question 44

Adding OH

Answer 44

Ends in -ol (methanol)

Question 45

Alcohols

Answer 45

An organic compound containing the OH functional group

Question 46

Functional group

Answer 46

A group of atoms in the molecular structure of an organic compound that imparts characteristic chemical & physical properties

Question 47

Quarks

Answer 47

Elementary particles that combine to form neutrons and protons

Question 48

Nucleosynthesis

Answer 48

The natural formation of nuclei because of fusion and other nuclear processes

Question 49

Neutron capture

Answer 49

The absorption of a neutron by a nucleus

Question 50

Beta decay

Answer 50

A spontaneous process by which a neutron in a radioactive nuclide is transformed into a proton and emits a high-energy electron