Chapter 4: Reactions In Solution

Question 1

Solvent

Answer 1

The component of a solution that is present in the largest amount of moles

Question 2

Solute

Answer 2

Any component in a solution other than the solvent; a solution may contain one or more solutes

Question 3

Hydronium ions H3O+

Answer 3

H+ ion bonded to a molecule of water H2O

Question 4

Concentration

Answer 4

The amount of a solute in a given mass or volume of solvent or solution

Question 5

Molarity (M)

Answer 5

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per litre of solution (M=n/V)

Question 6

Moles

Answer 6

Mass/ molar mass

Question 7

Stock solutions

Answer 7

A concentrated solution of a substance used to prepare solutions of lower concentration

Question 8

Dilution

Answer 8

The process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent

Question 9

Absorbable (A)

Answer 9

A measure of the quantity of light absorbed by a sample

Question 10

Beers law

Answer 10

The relation of the absorbable of a solution (A) to concentration (c), the lights path length (b), and the solutes molar absorpivity (E) by the equation A = Ebc

Question 11

Molar absorptivity (E)

Answer 11

A measure of how well a compound or ion absorbs light

Question 12

Electrolyte

Answer 12

A substance that dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water, enhancing the conductivity of the solvent

Question 13

Strong electrolyte

Answer 13

A substance that dissociates completely into ions when it dissolves in water

Question 14

Nonelectrolyte

Answer 14

A substance that does not dissociate into ions and therefore does not result in conductivity when dissolved in water

Question 15

Weak electrolytes

Answer 15

A substance that dissolves in water with most molecules staying intact, but with a small fraction dissociating into ions

Question 16

Acid

Answer 16

A proton donor

Question 17

Base

Answer 17

A proton acceptor

Question 18

Neutralization reaction

Answer 18

A reaction that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of a salt in water

Question 19

Salt

Answer 19

The product of a neutralization reaction; it is made up of the cation of the baser in the reaction plus the anion of the acid

Question 20

Molecular equation

Answer 20

An equation describing a reaction in solution in which the reactants & products are written as neutral compounds

Question 21

Overall ionic equation

Answer 21

An equation describing a reaction in solution that shows all the species, both ionic and molecular, present in the reaction mixture

Question 22

Net ionic. Equation

Answer 22

An equation describing a reaction in solution that contains only the species changed by the reaction; it is obtained by eliminating the spectator ions from the overall ionic equation

Question 23

Spectator ion

Answer 23

An ion present in a reaction mixture in solution that is unchanged by the reaction; spectator ions appear in overall ionic equations but not in net ionic equations

Question 24

Hydrolysis

Answer 24

The reaction of water with another material. The hydrolysis of nonmetal oxides produces acids

Question 25

Strong acid

Answer 25

An acid that completely dissociates into ions in aqueous solutions

Question 26

Weak acid

Answer 26

An acid that is a weak electrolyte & so has a limited capacity to donate protons to the medium

Question 27

Carboxylic acid

Answer 27

An organic compound containing th -COOH group

Question 28

Strong base

Answer 28

A base that completely dissociates into ions in an aqueous solution

Question 29

Weak base

Answer 29

A base that is a weak electrolyte and so has a limited capacity to accept protons

Question 30

Aminé

Answer 30

An organic compound that functions as a base and has the general formula RNH2, R2NH, OR R3N where R is any organic group

Question 31

Amphiprotic

Answer 31

Describe a substance that can behave as either a proton acceptor or a proton donor

Question 32

Titration

Answer 32

An analytical method for determining the concentration of a solute in a sample by reacting the solute with a standard solution of known concentration

Question 33

Titrant

Answer 33

The standard solution added to the sample in a titration

Question 34

Standard solution

Answer 34

A solution of known concentration used in titrations

Question 35

Equivalence point

Answer 35

The point in a titration at which just enough titrant has been added to completely react the substance being analyzed

Question 36

End point

Answer 36

A point in a titration that is reached when just enough standard solution has been added to cause the indicator to change color

Question 37

Precipitate

Answer 37

A solid product formed from a reaction in solution

Question 38

Precipitation reaction

Answer 38

A reaction that produces a slightly solvable product upon mixing 2 solutions

Question 39

Saturated solution

Answer 39

A solution that contains the maximum concentration of a solute possible at a given temp

Question 40

Solubility

Answer 40

The maximu amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solution at a given temp

Question 41

Supersaturated solution

Answer 41

A solution that contains more than the maximum quantity of solute predicted to be solvable in a given volume of solution at a given temp

Question 42

Oxidation number

Answer 42

A positive or negative number based on the number of electrons an atom gains or loses when it forms an ion, or that it shares when it forms an ion, or that it shares when it forms a covalent bond with another element; pure elements have an oxidation number of zero

Question 43

Oxidation

Answer 43

A chemical change in which a species loses electrons; the oxidation number of the species increases

Question 44

Reduction

Answer 44

A chemical change in which a species gains electrons; the oxidation number of the species decreases

Question 45

Oxidizing agent

Answer 45

A substance in a redox reaction that contains the element being reduced

Question 46

Reducing agent

Answer 46

A substance in a redox reaction that contains the element being oxidized

Question 47

Half-reaction

Answer 47

One of the 2 halves of an oxidation-reduction reaction; one half-reaction is the oxidation component, and the other is the reduction component

Question 48

Activity series

Answer 48

A high-to-low ranking of metals based on their strengths as reducing agents