chapter 2: cells in CT

Question 1

cell in CT that:

• is derived from MESENCHYME cells
• usually fixed cell, but can move somewhat
• may occasionally divide in wound healing
• may change into other cell types

Answer 1

fibroblast

Question 2

fibroblasts –> ________ during fibrocartilage formation

Answer 2

chondrocytes

Question 3

fibroblasts –> ________ in certain pathologies

Answer 3

osteoblasts

Question 4

STRUCTURAL function of fibroblasts

Answer 4

produce and maintain MATRIX (fibers, ground substances)

Question 5

HEALING function of fibroblasts

Answer 5

produce growth factors

SCAR formation

Question 6

dense IRREGULAR CT

• avascular and contain fibrocytes
• 70% as strong as original tissue

Answer 6

scar formation

Question 7

DEFENSIVE function of fibroblasts

Answer 7

produce cytokines and enzymes

can phagocytize when needed

Question 8

• mature less active fibroblast so it will appear flat
• long lived cell with lower energy & oxygen requirements
• structural cell but limited capabilities

Answer 8

fibrocyte

Question 9

fibrocytes can produce these three things

Answer 9

HA
ground substance
reticular fibers

Question 10

fibrocytes CANNOT produce new ____ ____ fibers

Answer 10

collagen elastic

Question 11

posses features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
-functions during:
wound healing
tooth erruption

Answer 11

myofibroblast

Question 12

Can be unilocular or multiocular

• DONT divide or change into other cell types
• derived from mesenchyme cells producing preadipocytes

Answer 12

adipocytes

Question 13

general fxns of adipocytes

Answer 13

lipid storage

regulate energy metabolism (produce LEPTIN)

Question 14

cells derived from B lymphocytes

• DON’T divide, relatively short-lived
• found in CT
• not typically found in blood

Answer 14

plasma cells

Question 15

main fxn of plasma cells is to produce:

Answer 15

immunoglobulins

Question 16

• large cells with an indented or kidney-shaped nucleus, often containing residual bodies in their cytoplasm
• can divide
• very important defensive cell

Answer 16

macrophages

Question 17

macrophages are derived from:

Answer 17

monocytes

Question 18

all members of this system arise from a common ancestor in bone marrow and are able to phagocytize and display particular receptors

Answer 18

mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloedothelial system)

Question 19

kupffer cells
alveolar macrophages
monocytes
microglia
langerhans cells
osteoclasts
-are all part of this system

Answer 19

mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloedothelial system)

Question 20

-phagocytosis of debris & MICROBES
-acts as APC
-create foreign body giant cells
-release cytokines and other products
Are all functions of:

Answer 20

Macrophage

Question 21

large cells containing cytoplasmic granules

• found in CT proper, small BV and under epithelium
• live FEW DAYS TO MONTHS

Answer 21

mast cells

Question 22

mast cells are derived from

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

inflammation
immediate hypersensitivity response
anaphylaxis
asthma
release primary mediators
produce and release secondary mediators
--these are all due to what cell type

Answer 23

Mast cells

Question 24

primary mediator released by mast cells

Answer 24

histamine (ON SWITCH)
heparin (OFF SWITCH)
ECFNCF

Question 25

histamine: - increases permeability of _____& ____, vasodilation of arterioles and small arteries to _____ blood flow to area - contraction of ____ ______ muscle

Answer 25

capillaries venules increase visceral smooth

Question 26

heparin binds to and inactivates ____ (slow effect)

Answer 26

histamine

Question 27

primary mediator that attracts eosinophils, which will: - inhibit leukotrienes - produce factor that inhibits mast cell degranulation - phagocytize IgE - allergin complexes and mast cell granules - secretes histaminase - limits effects of histamine and leukotrienes - destroy parastic worm larvae

Answer 27

ECF (eosinophil chemotactic factor)

Question 28

attracts neutrophils

Answer 28

NCF (neutrophil chemotactic factor)

Question 29

secondary mediator that has same effect as histamine, but MUCH MORE POWERFUL; will extend and amplify effects of histamine

Answer 29

leukotrienes

Question 30

``` direct cell trauma phagocytosis IgE allergic complex complement process/molecules -these 4 stimuli activate which cell type ```

Answer 30

mast cells

Question 31

elicits IgE formation which binds to mast cells, slower reaction/weak

Answer 31

first exposure (primary immune response)

Question 32

first exposure produces which types of cells

Answer 32

memory (B&T cells)

Question 33

allergin binds to "sensitized" mast cells and mast cell degranulate; quick reaction

Answer 33

second exposure (secondary immune response)

Question 34

mast cell mediated events

Answer 34

basic inflammatory rxn immediate hypersensitivity response anaphylaxis asthma

Question 35

stimulates phagocytosis/direct trauma/complement mast cell DEGRANULATE: local rxn -histamine reacts first -increase in permeability of capillaries and venues -dilation of arterioles and small arteries -leukotrienes take effect --> extends effects of histamine -heparin and ECF react last

Answer 35

basic inflammatory rxn, cut in skin

Question 36

- stimulates IgE/allergin complex - mast cells degranulate and produce various substances - localized inflammatory response at site of allergic contact

Answer 36

immediate hypersensitivity response: simple allergy

Question 37

stimulates: massive IgE production systemic mast cells & basophil degranulation and secretion systemic inflammatory response anaphylactic shock

Answer 37

anaphylaxis: general process

Question 38

circulatory shock --> cardiovascular collapse caused by EXTENSIVE internal bleeding

Answer 38

anaphylactic shock

Question 39

allergins typically in the air and often known, usually childhood onset

Answer 39

extrinsic asthma

Question 40

allergin typically unknown, adult onset may follow a respiratory illness

Answer 40

intrinsic asthma

Question 41

- IgE/allergin complex - secondary factors: inflammation in lungs - primary problem: release of LEUKOTRIENES - -are all causes for:

Answer 41

asthma

Question 42

monocytes become ______ in CT

Answer 42

macrophages

Question 43

neutrophils _________; attracted to site of ______ inflammation

Answer 43

phagocytize | acute

Question 44

eosinophils combat _________ worm larvae; attracted to site of _______ inflammation

Answer 44

parasitic | allergic

Question 45

basophils are similar to _____ cells | initiate, maintain and influence _______

Answer 45

mast | inflammation

Question 46

lymphocytes: ______ and cell mediated immunities; attracted to sites of ______ inflammation

Answer 46

humoral | chronic

Question 47

mesenchyme cells: adult ______ cells -- function to _________ - *Can divide* - may or may not exist in adults

Answer 47

stem | change into another cell type

Question 48

derived from mesenchyme cells

Answer 48

reticular cells

Question 49

function: to make reticular fibers when needed on permanent basis

Answer 49

reticular cells

Question 50

______ produce NET FIBERS when needed temporarily ex. wound healing

Answer 50

fibroblasts