Chapter 2 - Chemistry

Question 0

Matter

Answer 0

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

Science of structure and interactions of matter

Question 2

Which elements comprise 96% of the body?

Answer 2

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Question 3

Atomic number

Answer 3

Number of protons

Question 4

Mass number

Answer 4

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 5

Ions

Answer 5

An atom that gives up or gains electrons and results in a positive or negative charge

Question 6

Molecule

Answer 6

Substance that consists of two or more chemically combined atoms

Question 7

Compound

Answer 7

Substance containing atoms of two or more elements.

Question 8

Free radical

Answer 8

Destructive ion or molecule that has an unpaired electron

Question 9

Ionic bond

Answer 9

A bond created when outer electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating two ions with opposite charges that attract them to form a bond.

Question 10

Cation

Answer 10

Positively charged ion

Question 11

Anion

Answer 11

Negatively charged ion

Question 12

Covalent bond

Answer 12

A bond in which two or more pairs of outer electrons are shared between two atoms.

Question 13

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 13

Weak bonds formed between hydrogen and other atoms. They form links between water molecules and large ole cults such as proteins and DNA, adding strength and stability

Question 14

Energy

Answer 14

Capacity to do work

Question 15

Potential energy

Answer 15

Energy stored by matter due to its position

Question 16

Kinetic energy

Answer 16

Energy of matter in motion

Question 17

Chemical energy

Answer 17

Form of potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules

Question 18

Synthesis reaction

Answer 18

Two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form larger molecules

Question 19

Decomposition

Answer 19

A molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms.

Question 20

Exchange reactions

Answer 20

Combination synthesis and decomposition reactions

Question 21

Reversible reactions

Answer 21

Reactions that can proceed in both directions under different conditions

Question 22

Inorganic compound

Answer 22

Structurally simple and lack carbon
Held together by covalent/ionic bonds 
Water
Salts
Acids
Bases

Question 23

Organic compounds

Answer 23

Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acid
ATP

Question 24

Buffer systems

Answer 24

Help maintain pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

Question 25

Water

Answer 25

``` Excellent solvent Participate in chemical reactions Absorbs and releases heat very slowly Requires a large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas Serves as a lubricant ```

Question 26

Acid

Answer 26

Substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Question 27

Base

Answer 27

Substance that dissociates into hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

Question 28

Salt

Answer 28

When dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is hydrogen ion or hydroxide.

Question 29

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 29

One atom does not attract shares electrons more than the other

Question 30

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 30

One atom attracts an electron more strongly than another

Question 31

Ideal pH

Answer 31

Blood: 7.34 and 7.45 - slightly more basic than water

Question 32

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 32

Bicarbonate ion acts as a weak base | Carbonic acid acts as a weak acid

Question 33

Carbs

Answer 33

Organic compound Sugar/glycogen/starches/cellulose Hydrogen to oxygen ratio 1:2:1 (ex c6h12o6) Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

Question 34

Monosaccharide

Answer 34

Source of chemical energy for generating ATP | Ribose and deoxyribose make RNA/DNA

Question 35

Disaccharide

Answer 35

Two monosaccharide joined by covalent bond

Question 36

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 36

Process by which saccharides are joined to form disaccharides - a molecule of water is formed and removed

Question 37

Hydrolysis

Answer 37

The process by which a disaccharide is split into monosaccharides by adding water

Question 38

Polysaccharides

Answer 38

Chain of tens to hundreds of monosaccharides Glycogen is the main polysaccharide Starches: glucose units - mainly plants Cellulose: fiber from plants

Question 39

Lipids

Answer 39

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen but ratios of hydrogen to oxygen are much lower than in carbs, resulting in fewer polar covalent bonds, thus hydrophobic ``` Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Fatty acids Fat-soluble vitamins (a,d,e,k) ```

Question 40

Triglycerides

Answer 40

Solid or liquid | Contains 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (one fatty acid to each carbon in the glycerol)

Question 41

How many different elements are normally present in the body?

Answer 41

26