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Anatomy And Physiology > Nervous System - Sensation > Flashcards

Nervous System - Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

The conscious or subconscious awareness of changes external and internal environment.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Name the five special senses.

A

Taste, Hearing, Vision, Smell, Equilibrium

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3
Q

Name the two general senses.

A

Somatic and Visceral

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4
Q

List the four classifications of somatic sensations.

A

Tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive.

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5
Q

Conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation

A

Perception

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6
Q

True or false - any given sensory neuron carries only one type of sensation

A

True

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7
Q

A decrease in the strength of a sensation during a prolonged stimulus - characteristic of most sensory receptors

A

Adaptation

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8
Q

Adapt very quickly - specialized for signaling changes in stimuli

A

Rapidly adapting receptors (phasic receptors)

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9
Q

Adapt slowly and continue to trigger impulses as long as there is a stimulus

A

Slowly adapting receptors (tonic receptors)

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10
Q

List the three structural classifications for sensory receptors.

A

Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings
Separate cells

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11
Q

Simplest sensory receptor - bare dendrite that lacks structure specialization

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q

Dendrites of these sensory receptors are covered with connective tissue with a distinct microscopic structure

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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13
Q

Specialized cells that synapse with sensory neurons.

A

Separate cells

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14
Q

List the six functional classifications for sensory receptors.

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nocireceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
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15
Q

Classification of sensations that arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Somatic senses

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16
Q

List the four types of touch receptors.

A 
Located in the skin or subcutaneous layer
Meissner corpuscles 
Hair root plexuses
Merkel discs
Ruffini corpuscles
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17
Q

What is another term for Merkel discs?

A

Type I subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

What is another term for Ruffini corpuscles?

A

Type II subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

Which touch receptors are rapidly adapting?

A

Meissner corpuscles

Hair root plexuses

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20
Q

Which touch receptors are slowly adapting?

A

Merkel discs

Ruffini corpuscles

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21
Q

Which receptors are responsible for pressure?

A

Merkel discs
Ruffini corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle - rapidly adapting

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22
Q

What is another term for pacinian corpuscles?

A

Lamellated corpuscle

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23
Q

This sensation results from rapidly repetitive signals form tactile receptors

A

Vibration

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24
Q

Which receptor detects high frequency vibration?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Which receptor detects lower frequency vibration?
Meissner corpuscles
26
This sensation is caused by stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals often in response to inflammation
Itch
27
This sensory receptor is a free nerve ending and rapidly adapting, however can continue to produce nerve impulses throughout a prolonged stimulus
Thermoreceptor
28
List the two types of thermoreceptors, their locations, and their ranges.
Cold receptor - 50-105 - located in the epidermis | Warm receptor - 90-118 - located in the dermis
29
Which receptors are stimulated above 118 degrees and below 50 degrees?
Nocireceptors
30
In which part of the body are there no nocireceptors?
Brain
31
This type of pain is very rapidly perceived; it is acute and sharp. It is not felt in deeper tissues and is precisely localized
Fast pain
32
This type of pain is slow to be perceived, sometimes takes a few moments to come on and will gradually increase in intensity. Can be described as chronic, aching, or throbbing. Mostly deep or visceral.
Slow pain
33
Pain felt in areas removed from a stimulus, along the same dermatome
Referred pain
34
Which sensation allows us to know the location of our body within space, without having to see?
Proprioceptive sensations
35
What is the perception of body movements?
Kinesthesia
36
Are proprioceptors rapid or slow receptors?
Slow receptors
37
What science deals with the eye and its disorders?
Ophthalmology
38
Which science deals with the ear, nose, and throat and their disorders?
Otorhinolaryngology
39
Describe the composition of the olfactory epithelium.
Contains the olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal stem cells, and olfactory glands.
40
What is the job of the olfactory glands?
Produce mucus to serve as lubricant and solvent for odorants
41
These stem cells are located between the bases of supporting cells and continually undergo cell division for creation of new olfactory receptors
Basal stem cells
42
Which type of epithelial cells are the support cells within the olfactory epithelium?
Columnar epithelium
43
How many primary odors exist?
Hundreds
44
How many odors can the brain detect?
Ten thousand (combinations of primary odors)
45
By how much do olfactory receptors adapt in the first few seconds?
50%
46
Describe the olfactory nerve?
Cranial nerve one Sensory nerve about 40 bundles of unmyelinated axons that extend through about 20 holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
47
These paired masses of gray matter are located below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. This is the location of synapse of first and second order neurons.
Olfactory bulbs
48
This structure is a second order neuron leaving the olfactory bulb projecting to the primary olfactory area, the limbic system, and hypothalamus
Olfactory tract
49
Where does conscious awareness of smell begin within the temporal lobe?
Primary olfactory area
50
What is gustation?
Taste
51
What are the five tastes?
``` Sour Sweet Bitter Salty Umami ```
52
Flavors are the combinations of which factors?
Taste, olfactory, and tactile sensations
53
What are the three types of papillae?
Vallate papillae - form a v shaped row at the back of the tongue Fungiform papillae - mushroom shaped Filiform papillae - on the entire surface - touch receptors but does not contain taste buds
54
A chemical that stimulates taste gustatory receptors; dissolves in saliva and enters pores resulting in an electrical signal
Tastant
55
How long does it take to reach complete adaption to a specific taste?
1-5 minutes
56
Which three nerves are involved in gustation?
``` Facial Nerve (vii) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (ix) Vagus Nerve (x) These propogate nerve impulses to the medulla ```
57
Describe the path of nerve impulses for gustation.
From the nerves, to the medulla, then to the limbic system, hypothalamus, and thalamus. From the thalamus to the primary gustatory area - parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
58
What percentage of the body's sensory receptors are located in the eye?
More than half
59
List the accessory structures of the eye.
``` Eyebrows Eyelashes Eyelids Extrinsic muscles Lacrimal apparatus ```
60
List the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
61
Describe the structure of the lacrimal apparatus.
Lacrimal glands Lacrimal canals Nasolacrimal duct Lysozyme
62
What is the outer coat of the eyeball, and what does it contain?
The fibrous tunic contains the anterior cornea and the posterior sclera. The conjuctiva covers the sclera and lines the inner surgace of the eyelids
63
What is the middle coat of the eyeball, and what does it contain?
The vascular tunic contains

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