Chapter 2 - Components of Natural Immunity Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
A phenomenon that occurs when an antibody reacts with antigen that is structurally similar to the original antigen that induced antibody production.
A
Cross-reactivity
2
Q
a.k.a. Non-specific, innate immunity
A
Natural Immunity
3
Q
a.k.a. Specific, acquired immunity
A
Adaptive immunity
4
Q
Lysozymes are antibacterial against gram _______ bacteria.
A
Positive
5
Q
Interferon is an example of:
A. Natural immunity
B. Adaptive immunity
A
A. Natural immunity
6
Q
The acidity of GIT and vagina and the normal flora of the body is an example of:
A. External defense
B. Internal defense
A
A. External Defense
7
Q
The cell associated with the “kiss of death”.
A
NK cell
8
Q
A cell that is said to link the natural & adaptive immunity.
A
NK cell
9
Q
What makes sweat antibacterial?
A
The presence of lactic acid
10
Q
Other name for NK cell.
A
Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL)
11
Q
Bacteria’s virulence factor against phagocytosis.
A
Capsule
12
Q
Antigen binding site.
A
Epitope
13
Q
Antibody binding site
A
Paratope
14
Q
Negri bodies are diagnostic of ________.
A
Rabies
15
Q
A WBC that has ground glass cytoplasm.
A
Monocyte
16
Q
True/False: Eosinophils and basophils are phagocytes.
A
False. Eosinophils are phagocytes but basophils are not.
17
Q
Eosinophilia is only present for which type of parasites?
A
Tissue parasites
18
Q
Weakened poliovirus given by mouth (oral polio vaccine)
A
Sabin
19
Q
Inactivated poliovirus given by injection.
A
Salk
20
Q
The most important function of eosinophils.
A
Neutralize basophil products
21
Q
Content of basophils and mast cells that initiates allergic, inflammatory response
A
histamine
22
Q
Koplik spots is diagnostic of ______.
A
Measles
23
Q
Cells that kill extracellular organisms.
A
Phagocytes
24
Q
Cells that kill intracellular organisms.
A
NK cells
25
WBC associated with the killing of parasites.
Eosinophil
26
Known as the homeostatic regulator of inflammation.
Eosinophil
27
Urease is associated with ______ which is also the causative agent of gastric ulcerations.
Helicobacter pylori
28
The smallest WBC, with large nucleus and scanty cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes
29
Plasma proteins that increases rapidly by at least 25% due to infection, trauma or injury.
Acute phase reactants
30
APRs are primarily produced by?
Hepatocytes
31
An APR which has a function in opsonization and complement activation.
C reactive protein
32
An APR which has function in the removal of cholesterol.
Serum amyloid A
33
An APR which has a function in inhibiting protease.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
34
An APR which has a function in clot formation
Fibrinogen
35
An APR that binds hemoglobin
Haptoglobin
36
An APR which binds copper and oxidizes iron.
Ceruloplasmin
37
An APR which has a function in opsonization and cell lysis.
Complement C3
38
A nonspecific antibody; the first antibody to be developed during infection.
CRP
39
Marker for acute inflammation and is now a marker for cardiovascular diseases.
CRP
40
What CRP level is considered as a high-risk level for CVD?
>3 mg/dL
41
An APR that inhibits elastase.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
42
Difference between the primary and secondary granules of neutrophils.
Primary granules are nonspecific, secondary granules are specific
43
WBC stained using the Hansel Stain.
Eosinophil
44
What WBC is associated with acute interstitial nephritis?
Eosinophil
45
The smallest granulocyte.
Basophil
46
Largest cell in the peripheral blood.
Monocytes
47
WBC that is increased in chronic infections like TB.
Monocytes
48
Best antigen presenting cell.
Dendritic cell
49
Most potent phagocyte
Dendritic cell
50
Main function of dendritic cells
Phagocytose antigen and present it to the T-helper cells
51
The liver produces almost all proteins except _____.
Immunoglobulins
52
What produces immunoglobulins?
Plasma cells
53
During hemolytic anemia, haptoglobin is _______.
A. Increased
B. Decreased
Decreased
54
Most abundant cell in the bone marrow.
Metamyelocyte
55
Largest cell in the bone marrow.
Megakaryocyte
56
What differentiates basophils and mast cells?
Their granule content
57
Besides the location where they are found, what is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?
Monocyte contains peroxidase while macrophage does not.
58
Macrophage found in lungs
Alveolar
59
Macrophage found in liver
Kupffer cells
60
Macrophage found in the brain
Microglial cells
61
Macrophage found in tissues
Histiocytes
62
Macrophage found in skin
Langerhans cells
63
Macrophage found in bone.
Osteoclast
64
_______ is mistaken as a megakaryocyte.
Osteoclast
65
_______ is mistaken as plasma cells.
Osteoblast
66
Sensor for extracellular killing by phagocytes.
Pathogen recognition receptors
67
Which TLR mediates response against gram positive bacteria?
TLR2
68
Which TLR mediates response against gram negative bacteria?
TLR4
69
Steps of phagocytosis.
1. Initiation
2. Chemotaxis
3. Engulfment
4. Digestion and Excretion
70
Migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
71
Bacterial capsule is usually made up of _____.
Polysaccharide
72
Which bacteria have amino acid (D-glutamic acid) capsule instead of the usual polysaccharide capsule?
Bacillus anthracis
73
Without this, the movement of the WBCs is said to be random.
Chemotaxin
74
Substances that coat particles and other organisms and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Opsonins
75
A substance released by bacteria, injured tissue, and WBC that stimulates the movement of neutrophils and other WBCs to the injured area.
Chemotaxins
76
“To prepare for eating”
Opsonization
77
The release of cellular substances (as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell.
Exocytosis
78
Give one example of a chemotaxin.
C5a
79
Give one example of an opsonin.
C3b
80
More commonly used process of eliminating phagocytosed organisms.
Oxygen-dependent process (oxidative burst)
81
Defensins and cathepsin G are associated with which process of eliminating phagocytosed organisms?
Oxygen-independent process
82
Movement of WBCs towards the signal.
Positive chemotaxis
83
Movement of WBCs away from the signal.
Negative chemotaxis
84
Part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes.
Lysosome
85
Enzymes found in aerobic microorganisms but not in anaerobic microorganisms.
Superoxide dismutase, catalase
86
Central killing of microbe.
NADPH oxidase
87
An abnormality in chemotaxis with the presence of abnormal random movements.
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
88
An abnormality in chemotaxis with the presence of normal random movements.
Job’s syndrome
89
Impaired NADPH oxidase production; phagocytes cannot kill ingested organisms.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
90
Traditional test for CGD.
Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test
91
Positive result for nitroblue tetrazolium dye test for CGD.
Blue precipitates
92
What is the expected result for patients with CGD in a nitroblue tetrazolium dye test?
Negative. Absence of blue precipitates
93
The specimen for testing CGD.
Leukocyte concentrate
94
The latest test for CGD.
Flow cytometric assay
95
During flow cutometric assay for CGD, neutrophils are labeled with _____.
Dihydrorhodamine (DHR)
96
During flow cytometric assay for CGD, neutrophil is activated using _____.
Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA)
97
Expected result for the flow cytometric assay for patients with CGD.
Less fluorescence
98
Blood group and its specific phenotype associated with CGD.
McLeod phenotype of Kell blood group
99
The 1st blood group discovered by AHG test.
Kell
100
How many blood groups are discovered?
39
101
Detachment of gravid segments.
Apolysis
102
”Cell suicide”
Apoptosis
103
”Cell murder/killing”
Necrosis
104
Pyrogenic interleukin that causes fever and causes the APRs to increase.
IL-1
105
Interleukin responsible for the activation and proliferation of B and T cells.
IL-2
106
Passing of phagocyte through the blood vessel wall.
Diapedesis
107
Important cytokine in NK cell development.
IL-15
108
Which substances are released by NK cells?
Granzymes and perforins
109
Granzymes and perforins are also present in which cell besides NK cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
110
Which enzyme induce programmed cell death in the target cell?
Granzymes
111
A membrane-disrupting protein released by NK cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Perforin
112
Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
Inflammation
113
Significance of inflammation
To attract phagocytes to the site of injury
114
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of increased blood flow to the site of injury.
Rubor / redness
115
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of the exudation of fluid.
Tumor / swelling
116
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of increased blood flow, exudation of fluid and release of mediators.
Calor / heat
117
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of stretching pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates, chemical mediators.
Dolor / pain
118
The cardinal sign of inflammation which is a result of pain and disruption of tissue structure.
Functio laesa / loss of function
119
Vascular response during inflammation.
Vasodilation, mas cell release histamine
120
Which cells primarily respond to inflammation?
Neutrophils and macrophages
121
Resolution and repair after inflammation is initiated by _____.
Fibroblast proliferation
