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Brannigan's Building Construction For The Fire Service > Chapter 2 - Concepts of Construction > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Concepts of Construction Flashcards

1
Q

The greatest enemy of all firefighters is what?

A

gravity (13)

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2
Q

The majority of buildings are what type of construction?

A

non-fire-resistive (13)

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3
Q

4 Types of forces applied to a structural member:

A

Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shear (13)

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4
Q

Shear forces occur where?

A

Within the Building (13)

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5
Q

Shear forces are often the result of what?

A

Wind load (13)

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6
Q

What are the internal forces that resist the load called?

A

Stress & Strain (13)

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7
Q

How are dead loads attatched to buildings?

A

permanently (14)

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8
Q

Any substitute structural element that is of LESS MASS than the element previously used to carry an equivalent load is inherently what?

A

LESS fire resistant (14)

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9
Q

An office building floor must sustain a uniform load of what over the whole floor?

A

50 psf

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10
Q

An office building floor must have the ability to sustain a concentrated load of what on a specific location?

A

2000 lb

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11
Q

Largest Live and Concentrated Live Load

A

Sidewalks, driveways and yards subject to trucking
Uniform: 250 psf
Concentrated: 8000 lb
(18)

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12
Q

Water trapped in a building or on a roof is what type of load?

A

Live load. (19)

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13
Q

What is the weight of water?

A

8.34lb (20)

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14
Q

A master stream will add how many tons to a building in 1 minute?

A

over 4 tons (20)

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15
Q

What type of loads are delivered in a short time?

A

Impact loads (20)

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16
Q

What type of collapse is particular hazard in concrete frame buildings?

A

Progressive collapse

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17
Q

What type of wall is installed to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes

A

Shear Wall.

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18
Q

What refers to a force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed point of connection where the force is applied some distance from the fixed point

A

Moment.

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19
Q

what type of construction are Externally braced buildings

A

Tube construction

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20
Q

If a wall is being breached and the structure is found to be stronger than normal you are probably under what

A

A concentrated load

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21
Q

All other conditions being equal a structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is

A

Axial

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22
Q

What type of load is straight and true evenly applied to the Bering structure

A

Axial load

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23
Q

What force passes through the centroid of the section under construction

A

Axial.

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24
Q

What force does not pass through the center of the section

A

Eccentric

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25
Q

What force is straight and true but is concentrated to one side of the center of the supporting wall or column

A

Eccentric

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26
Q

Wood paper and similar materials are estimated at what BTU/lb

A

8000

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27
Q

To measure the fire load what is multiplied

A

The weight of the fuel is multiplied by the caloric value and divided by the floor area

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28
Q

What is the primary determinant of whether a compartment will reach flash over

A

The heat release rate

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29
Q

What can carry a load that would require a compressive member of much greater size

A

Slender tensile member

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30
Q

What is steel’s safety factor

A

2

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31
Q

What represents the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress

A

Safety factor

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32
Q

Buildings in which two different materials carry structural loads

A

Composite construction

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33
Q

What is the oldest structural member

A

The beam.

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34
Q

What structural member transmit forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points

A

The beam

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35
Q

What is an ideal beam

A

The cable.

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36
Q

What can be achieved by material mass or geometry

A

Stiffness or reduced deflection

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37
Q

The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by what

A

The square of its depth indirect proportion to increases in width.

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38
Q

As the length of span of a beam increases the safe load capacity ___ in direct proportion

A

Decreases

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39
Q

A beam that carries the load on the exterior of a frame building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above

A

A spandrel girder

40
Q

A beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall

A

Lintel

41
Q

Series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load

A

Grillage

42
Q

What type of beam is the typical theater marquee

A

Suspended beam

43
Q

On a beam heavy load should be placed directly where

A

Over a very close to the point of support

44
Q

The truss is a type of what

A

Beam

45
Q

Tension or compression are what type of stresses

A

Direct

46
Q

Trusses can support axial loads but are not designed to handle

A

Rotational moments

47
Q

What may be a clue to peaked roof with usable attic space

A

Dormer windows

48
Q

Doubling the length of a beam ____ it’s carrying capacity by half

A

Decreases

49
Q

What type of roof presents a serious wood and metal plate trust problem

A

A rising roof

50
Q

What is the most serious effect of rising roofs

A

Weakened joints that can result from shrinking wood pulling away from gusset plates

51
Q

The trust is efficient because it separates

A

Compression and tension forces

52
Q

The top court of a trust responds exactly like what structural member

A

A column

53
Q

A structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member

A

Column

54
Q

A line of columns in any direction

A

Bent.

55
Q

Columns loose strength by the square of the

A

Change in length

56
Q

The most efficient shape for a column is one that

A

Distributes the material equally around the axis as far as possible from the center of the cylinder

57
Q

What shape are steel beams

A

“I” shaped

58
Q

What shape are steel columns

A

“H” shaped

59
Q

Short squat columns

A

Piers

60
Q

How do piers fail

A

Crushing

61
Q

How do long, slender columns fail

A

Buckling (S shape)

62
Q

Very long thin columns are known as

A

Euler’s law columns

63
Q

What is a cause of column failure

A

The loss of bracing

64
Q

What resembles a wide slender column

A

A wall

65
Q

The greatest use of veneer walls is

A

Brick veneer on wood frame

66
Q

What does the veneer wall depend on for stability

A

The underlying wall

67
Q

Non-load bearing and closing wall of one story

A

Panel wall

68
Q

Non-load bearing in closing wall more than one story

A

Curtain wall

69
Q

Load bearing wall common to two structures

A

Party wall

70
Q

Nonload bearing wall that subdivide areas of a floor

A

Partition wall

71
Q

In what type of wall do the outer and inner wythes laid in courses and finished

A

Rubble masonry wall

72
Q

When a masonry wall is under construction it acts as what type of beam?

A

Cantilever

73
Q

When the roof is in place a masonry wall with respect to wind loads becomes what type of beam

A

Simple beam supported at both ends

74
Q

A masonry structure built on the outside surface of the wall

A

Buttress

75
Q

A masonry column projecting from one or both faces of the wall

A

Pilaster

76
Q

What member is more stable the farther the material is from the center

A

Column

77
Q

What type of buildings the roof is vital to the stability of the structure

A

Tilt slab concrete buildings

78
Q

What combines the function of the beam and the column

A

Arch

79
Q

The arch is under ___ it’s entire length

A

Compression

80
Q

Arches push ___ at the base

A

Outward

81
Q

The trust thrusts is

A

Straight down

82
Q

When an arch is tied the thrust is

A

Downward

83
Q

The manner in which load is spread from the point of application to the ground

A

Transmission

84
Q

All loads are delivered to the ground through what

A

The foundation

85
Q

Almost all foundations today are what

A

Concrete

86
Q

What type of building the connections are strong enough to reroute forces if a member is removed

A

Rigid frame

87
Q

The tendency of a force to rotate a member

A

Moment

88
Q

A beam that is only bolted to a column

A

Shear connection

89
Q

Beam and column are bolted and welded together

A

Moment connection

90
Q

In what type of building will the collapse of a column cause the collapse of all elements supported by that column

A

Steel framed building

91
Q

Steel heated to what temperature elongates 9.5 in per 100 ft of length

A

1000° F

92
Q

A residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of what PSF

A

30 to 40 PSF

93
Q

The only time supplying a sprinkler system should be stopped is if you are what

A

Operating on a low pressure hydrant grid

94
Q

What is known as a firefighter killer

A

The typical theater Marquee

95
Q

The failure of a ___ Is likely to occur much more suddenly than the failure of a ___

A

Column

Beam

96
Q

The proper way to breach a masonry wall is to open what type of hole

A

Triangular

97
Q

The removal of what part of an arch can cause the collapse of the entire arch

A

Any part

Brannigan's Building Construction For The Fire Service (13 decks)

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