Chapter 2: Neurons and Glia

Question 1

insulate, support, and nourish neurons

Answer 1

glia

Question 2

major cell types in the brain

Answer 2

neurons and glia

Question 3

wraps myelin around multiple axons

Answer 3

oligodendrocyte

Question 4

ensheathes synapse and modulates synapse function

Answer 4

astrocyte

Question 5

immune cells in the brain

Answer 5

microglia

Question 6

comparison of neuronal cells vs non-neuronal cells in cerebral cortex

Answer 6

less neuronal cells than non-neuronal cells

Question 7

comparison of neuronal cells vs non-neuronal cells in cerebellum

Answer 7

more neuronal cells than non-neuronal cells

Question 8

method of staining extranuclear DNA; distinguishes between neurons and glia

Answer 8

Nissl stain

Question 9

involved soaking the brain tissue in a silver chromate solutions that makes small percentages of neurons become darkly colored

Answer 9

Golgi staining

Question 10

refers to any projection from the neuron; comprised of axons and dendrites

Answer 10

neurites

Question 11

the () forms synapse between neurons

Answer 11

dendritic spine

Question 12

Cajal used Golgi staining to work out brain circuitry; he concluded that neurons communicate by (1), not (2)

Answer 12

1. contact
2. continuity

Question 13

cell body of neurons

Answer 13

soma

Question 14

neurons differ from other cells because of specific ()

Answer 14

expression of genes and proteins

Question 15

set of all RNA transcripts in an individual or population of cells

Answer 15

transcriptome

Question 16

print DNA probes of a whole genome onto a chip, allowing for hybridization of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) derived from expressed genes

Answer 16

DNA microarrays

Question 17

determines the sequence of all cDNAs and is a more quantitative and sensitive method of transcriptome analysis

Answer 17

RNA seq

Question 18

proteins that need to stay in the cytosol are typically transcribed by ()

Answer 18

free ribosomes

Question 19

smooth ER in neurons are also involved in SOCE (meaning)

Answer 19

store-operated calcium entry

Question 20

demonstrate the efficiency of the Krebs cycle

Answer 20

1 pyruvic acid to 17 ATP

Question 21

3 structures in neuronal cytoskeleton

Answer 21

1. microtubules
2. microfilaments (actin)
3. neurofilaments (intermediate filaments)

Question 22

3 compartments of the axon

Answer 22

1. axon hillock
2. axon proper
3. axon terminal

Question 23

the axon terminal is also called ()

Answer 23

terminal bouton

Question 24

2 types of axon terminals

Answer 24

1. terminal arbor
2. Boutons en passant

Question 25

movement of material along the axon

Answer 25

axoplasmic transport

Question 26

anterograde (soma to terminal) transport is performed by

Answer 26

kinesin

Question 27

retrograde (terminal to soma) transport is performed by

Answer 27

dynein

Question 28

"antennae" of neurons

Answer 28

dendrites

Question 29

dendrites of a single neuron

Answer 29

dendritic tree

Question 30

protrudes from dendrite; forms big, mushroom-like structure that receives some types of synaptic input, thus has a higher concentration of receptors

Answer 30

dendritic spines

Question 31

dendritic membranes are rich in () that receive signals from synaptic cleft

Answer 31

specialised proteins called receptors

Question 32

classification of neurons based on number of neurites:

Answer 32

1. unipolar (single neurite) 2. bipolar (2 neurites) 3. multipolar (more that 2 neurites)

Question 33

most neurons in the brain are classified as () based on number of neurites

Answer 33

multipolar

Question 34

classification of neurons based on dendritic morphology

Answer 34

1. stellate cells (star-shaped) or pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped) 2. spiny or aspinous

Question 35

classification of neurons based on connections within the CNS

Answer 35

1. primary sensory neurons 2. motor neurons 3. interneurons

Question 36

classification of neurons based on axonal length

Answer 36

1. Golgi type I (long axon, projection neurons) 2. Golgi type II (short axon, local interneurons)

Question 37

other ways of classifying neurons

Answer 37

1. based on gene expression 2. based on neurotransmitter type

Question 38

kinds of glia

Answer 38

1. astrocytes 2. microglia

Question 39

astrocytes also regulate () in the intercellular space

Answer 39

ion concentration

Question 40

types of myelinating glia

Answer 40

1. oligodendroglia (in CNS) 2. Schwann cells (in PNS)

Question 41

region where myelinated axonal membrane is exposed

Answer 41

Node of Ranvier

Question 42

cells that line the spinal fluid-filled spaces of brain ventricles

Answer 42

ependymal cells