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BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I > Chapter 6: Neurotransmitter Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

1
Q

3 criteria for deciding if a substance acts as a neurotransmitter

A
  1. synthesis and storage in presynaptic neuron
  2. released by presynaptic neuron axon terminal upon stimulation
  3. elicits a cell response similar to that of known NTs (when applied to a postsynaptic terminal
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2
Q

ways to localize transmitters and transmitter-synthesizing enzymes for study

A
  1. immunocytochemistry
  2. immunohistochemistry
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3
Q

Antibodies detect special proteins/peptides via their ()

A

specific binding sites

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4
Q

2 classes of antibodies

A
  1. monoclonal
  2. polyclonal
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5
Q

the first step of immunostaining

A

fixation

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6
Q

why is fixation important

A
  1. prevent autolysis and bacterial attack
  2. preserve volume and shape during tissue processing
  3. allow clear staining of sections
  4. prevent loss of small molecules during washing stages
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7
Q

Most fixation reagents () -> inactivates most of the enzymes and fixes the structure of proteins inside cell

A

cross-link proteins

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8
Q

3 types of tissue sectioning for fixation

A
  1. paraffin-embedded
  2. cryosection
  3. vibratome
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9
Q

this type of tissue sectioning is useful for live or thick tissues

A

vibratome

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10
Q

localizes synthesis of protein or peptide to a cell by detecting mRNA

A

in situ hybridization

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11
Q

a model to study CNS neurons to check for NT release upon stimulation

A

brain slice

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12
Q

summary of how brain slice is used to study NT release

A

Brain slice is kept alive in vitro -> stimulate synapses, collect and measure released chemicals

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13
Q

because using brain slice has its cons, new methods such as () have been widely used to probe specific transmitter release

A

optogenetics

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14
Q

a method to assess postsynaptic actions by ejecting (small amt) candidate molecules from micropipette; postsynaptic response is measured by microelectrode

A

microiontophoresis

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15
Q

3 ways to determine NTR subtypes

A
  1. neuropharmacological analysis of synaptic transmission
  2. ligand-binding methods
  3. molecular analysis of receptor proteins
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16
Q

in neuropharmacological analysis, () are used to define receptor subtypes

A

agonists and antagonists

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17
Q

2 subtypes of ACh receptors

A
  1. nicotinic
  2. muscarinic
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18
Q

antagonist of nicotinic ACh receptor

A

curare

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19
Q

antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptor

A

atropine

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20
Q

nicotinic ACh receptors are localized in the (1), while muscarinic ACh receptors are localized in the (2)

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. heart
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21
Q

Glutamate receptors have 3 subtypes (based on agonists):

A
  1. AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropinate)
  2. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
  3. Kainate
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22
Q

in ligand-binding methods, Identify natural receptors using ()

A

radioactive ligands

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23
Q

how were opiod receptors found

A

Radioactively labeled opiate compounds and applied them to neuronal membranes from brain tissues

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24
Q

() are involved in pain relief, euphoria, depressed breathing and constipation

A

Opioid receptors

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25
Q

types of receptor protein classes

A
  1. transmitter-gated ion channels
  2. G protein-coupled receptors
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26
Q

what is Dale’s principle

A

a neuron has only 1 neurotransmitter

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27
Q

Two or more transmitters released from one nerve terminal

A

co-transmitters

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28
Q

the usual case for co-transmitters is:

A

peptide + (amino acid/amine)

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29
Q

Only () neurons have ChAT (choline acetyltransferease)!

A

cholinergic

30
Q

precursor for three amine neurotransmitters that contain catechol group

A

tyrosine

31
Q

the 3 amine NTs that arise from tyrosine

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
32
Q

enzyme that converts tyrosine into dopamine precursor; activity of this enzyme is the rate-limiting step for catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

33
Q

there is no fast extracellular degenerative enzyme for catecholamines; instead, catecholamine levels are reduced by selective uptake of the neurotransmitters back into the axon terminal via ()

A

Na+-dependent transporters

34
Q

(1) and (2) block catecholamine uptake.

A
  1. Amphetamine
  2. cocaine
35
Q

Serotonin, aka (1) is an amine neurotransmitter derived from (2)

A
  1. 5-HT
  2. tryptophan
36
Q

() are used as antidepressants becuase serotonin regulates mood, emotional behavior and sleep

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. Prozac)

37
Q

Key enzyme in GABA synthesis; Good marker for GABAergic neurons

A

glutamin acid decarboxylase (GAD)

38
Q

GABAergic neurons are major source of () in the CNS.

A

synaptic inhibition

39
Q

ATP excites some neurons and binds to ()

A

purinergic receptors

40
Q

a small lipid molecule that serve as one of the retrograde messengers

A

endocannabinoids

41
Q

endocannabinoids bind to (), which blocks presynaptic calcium channel suppressing either the inhibitory and excitatory drive onto the neurons

A

CB1 receptor

42
Q

basic structure of transmitter-grated channels: ACh receptors

A

pentamer (5 protein subunits) form a pore

43
Q

subunits of nicotinic ACh receptor at NMJ

A

2alpha, beta, gamma, delta

44
Q

subunits of muscarinic ACh receptor in CNS neuron

A

3 alpha, 2 beta

45
Q

Each subunit of a transmitter-gated ion channel has (1) alpha-helical transmembrane domains (labeled 2)

A
  1. 4
  2. M1-4
46
Q

in contrast to pentamer ACh-gated channels, glutamate receptors are (1), and the (2) region in its subunits forms a hairpin that both enters and exits from the inside of the membrane

A
  1. tetramers
  2. M2
47
Q

among the glutamate-gated channels, (1) and (2) coexist in most postsynaptic membranes and mediate the bulk of fast excitatory synaptic transmission;

A
  1. AMPA
  2. NMDA
48
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors contribute to EPSPs via presynaptic ()

A

glutamate release

49
Q

the () subtype of glutamate receptors are present in most pre- and postsynaptic membranes, but their functions are not clearly understood

A

Kainate

50
Q

the AMPA receptor is permeable to ()

A

Na and K

51
Q

the NMDA receptor is permeable to ()

A

Na, K, and Ca

52
Q

both (1) and (2) must coincide for voltage-dependent NMDA activation.

A
  1. glutamate release
  2. depolarization
53
Q

mediates non-GABA synaptic inhibition

A

glycine-gated channels

54
Q

GABA-gated and glycine-gated channels are mostly permeable to (1) ions, thus resulting in strong (2) to suppress neural activity

A
  1. negative ions (Cl-)
  2. IPSP
55
Q

3 steps in transmission of activation in G protein-coupled receptors

A
  1. Binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptor protein
  2. Activation of G-proteins
  3. Activation of effector systems
56
Q

Basic structure of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A

Single polypeptide with 7 membrane-spanning alpha-helices

57
Q

G protein is short for ()-binding protein

A

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

58
Q

the shortcut pathway of G protein-coupled effector systems

A

From receptor to G-protein to ion channel—fast and localized (no amplification)

59
Q

in (), the activation of GPCR couples neurotransmitter with downstream enzyme activation

A

second messenger cascades

60
Q

different G-proteins stimulate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase

A

push-pull method

61
Q

Stimulatory G proteins (Gs) bind to stimulatory () receptors

A

beta

62
Q

Inhibitory G proteins (Gi) bind to inhibitory () receptors

A

alpha

63
Q

GPCR activation of () is an example of where a signal cascade branches

A

phospholipase C (PLC)

64
Q

when activated by the G_alpha subunit, phospholipase C splits into 2 effectors ()

A
  1. IP3
  2. DAG
65
Q

() from PLC binds to Ca2+ channel on SR to release Ca2+ for activate calmodulin kinase

A

IP3

66
Q

() from PLC can activate protein kinase C (PKC)

A

DAG

67
Q

() activate proteins by phosphorylation

A

Protein kinases

68
Q

() inactivate proteins by dephosphorylation

A

Protein phosphatases

69
Q

the function of signal cascades allows for () by GPCRs

A

signal amplification

70
Q

One transmitter activates more than one receptor subtype -> greater postsynaptic response

A

divergence

71
Q

Different transmitters converge to affect same effector system; ensures more correct and precise signaling cascade thru multiple NTs

A

convergence

BS357: Introduction to Neuroscience I (13 decks)

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