Chapter 2 part 3

Question 1

in the green shaded area the

Answer 1

wind streamlines are generally splitting apart from trough axis to ridge axis. This is called diffluence

Question 2

Note that in the green shaded area the wind streamlines are generally splitting apart from trough axis to ridge axis. This is called diffluence and it is very characteristic of trough/ridge systems in the jet stream that

Answer 2

diffluence occurs east of troughs and confluence east of ridges

Question 3

Note that in the green shaded area the wind streamlines are generally splitting apart from trough axis to ridge axis. This is called diffluence and it is very characteristic of trough/ridge systems in the jet stream that diffluence occurs east of troughs and confluence east of ridges.
That would suggest to

Answer 3

the eye, at least, that divergence is occurring in the green region.

Question 4

That would suggest to the eye, at least, that divergence is occurring in the green region. But this is the 500 mb level, the level at which

Answer 4

Non‐divergence should be occurring

Question 5

Note that along each streamline, however, the

Answer 5

wind speeds are stronger near the trough axis and weaker near the ridge axis.

Question 6

Note that along each streamline, however, the wind speeds are stronger near the trough axis and weaker near the ridge axis. The inset shows the

Answer 6

streamline that stretches from A to B on the chart.

Question 7

Note that along each streamline, however, the wind speeds are stronger near the trough axis and weaker near the ridge axis. The inset shows the streamline that stretches from A to B on the chart. You will note that speed convergence is occurring

Answer 7

along the streamline (meaning, that the air parcels on the west side of the streamline are “catching up” to the air parcels on the east side)

Question 8

You will note that speed convergence is occurring along the streamline (meaning, that the air parcels on the west side of the streamline are “catching up” to the air parcels on the east side).
Thus in the concept equation above, diffluence would have a

Answer 8

positive sign

Question 9

Thus in the concept equation above, diffluence would have a positive sign, but there would be a

Answer 9

negative speed divergence

Question 10

Thus in the concept equation above, diffluence would have a positive sign, but there would be a negative speed divergence. At the Level of Non‐Divergence, these two terms are

Answer 10

very nearly equal in opposite, producing non‐divergence.

Question 11

The relative vorticity can be expressed in natural coordinates as:

Answer 11

Question 12

in this form the relative vortiity has two components:

Answer 12

the shear vorticity

the curvature vorticity

Question 13

show the shear vorticity

Answer 13

Question 14

show curvature vorticity

Answer 14

Question 15

absolute vorticity =

Answer 15

shear + curvature + coriolis parameter

Question 16

Shear vorticity

Answer 16

This is the change in wind speed over distance

Question 17

shear is positive when

Answer 17

If the shear produces a cyclonic (counterclockwise in Northern Hemisphere)
spin of air

Question 18

Curvature vorticity:

Answer 18

It is determined by the turning ratio of the air over time.

Question 19

curvature vorticity is positive when

Answer 19

The stronger the rate of directional turning, the higher the curvature vorticity value will be. If the turning is cyclonic, the value will be positive

Question 20

Earth vorticity. it is calculated from the formula:

Answer 20

f= 2 Ω sin o|

Question 21

The earth vorticity (or the coriolis parameter), increases when

Answer 21

moving from the equator toward the pole.

Question 22

The earth vorticity is always positive except at

Answer 22

the equator, where it is zero

Question 23

Absolute vorticity becomes positive or increasing under the following conditions:

Answer 23

1. positive shear vorticity
2. positive curvature vorticity
3. increasingly positive earth vorticity

Question 24

positive shear vorticity

Answer 24

Wind speed increasing when moving away from center point of trough

Question 25

positive curvature vorticity

Answer 25

A counterclockwise curvature in the wind flow. This occurs in troughs and shortwaves

Question 26

increasingly positive earth vorticity

Answer 26

A south to north movement of air. Coriolis parameter increases (becomes more positive) when moving from the equator toward the poles.

Question 27

Vorticity maximums will be located in areas where

Answer 27

the most vorticity terms are positive and largely positive in magnitude

Question 28

show positive shear vorticity, positive curvature vorticity and positive earth vorticity

Answer 28

Question 29

Absolute vorticity becomes negative or decreasing under the following conditions:

Answer 29

negative shear vorticity negative curvature vorticity decreasingly negative earth vorticity

Question 30

negative shear vorticity

Answer 30

Wind speed decreasing when moving away from center point of trough.

Question 31

negative curvature vorticity

Answer 31

A clockwise curvature in the wind flow. This occurs in troughs and shortwaves

Question 32

decreasingly negative earth vorticity

Answer 32

A north to south movement of air. Coriolis parameter decreases (becomes less positive) when moving from the equator toward the poles.

Question 33

Vorticity minimums will be located in areas where

Answer 33

the most vorticity terms are negative and largely negative in magnitude.

Question 34

show negative shear vorticity, negative curvature vorticity and decreasingly negative earth vorticity

Answer 34