Chapter 2- Perception And Communicarion

Question 1

What is perception

Answer 1

Learned not an innate ability

Question 2

When does perception occur

Answer 2

When we sense data
Sight hearing smell taste touch
Is transmitted to the brain

Question 3

Define perception

Answer 3

The process of selecting
Organizing
And interpreting sensory information

Question 4

Is seeing the same as perceiving

Answer 4

Nope

Question 5

Why is it important to study perception?

Answer 5

The relationship between comm and perception is reciprocal and because we often communicate on the basis of different perceptions

Question 6

Example of reciprocal relationship

Answer 6

If a significant other told you to lose a few pounds. Would you take it as a compliment or insult?

Question 7

What is our perception of reality made out of?

Answer 7

Communication

Question 8

What is an example of someone else’s perceptions becoming a reality?

Answer 8

Friend tells you not to enroll in a professors class because he grades bad and treats kids poorly

Means you won’t enroll in class because teacher is mean= now your perception of the teacher is that he’s mean

Question 9

What is different reality?

Answer 9

Ones perception of a noun is not the same as another’s perception

People have different realities and perceptions

Question 10

An example of different reality?

Answer 10

The “mean professor” is actually cool and isn’t unreasonable. It makes you wonder why your friend had a weird assumption about him

Question 11

What does competent communication involve?

Answer 11

Speakers and listeners who communicate freely and openly about their and others perceptions and what influences their perceptions

Question 12

Does competent communication maintain perspectives yet consider opposing information?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What are he stages in the perception process

Answer 13

Selection
Organization
And interpretation

Question 14

Define selection

Answer 14

We select from the environment the stimuli we want to attend (perceive)

Question 15

Example of selection

Answer 15

Walking into my comm class and not remember smells or who all I passed by in class

Question 16

What two stimuli fall under selection

Answer 16

Salience

Vividness

Question 17

Define salience

Answer 17

The stimuli that is selected from the environment based on its interest, use, and meaning to us

Question 18

Example of salience

Answer 18

At the store and you pay no attention to the convo around you. Then suddenly someone says your name and you start listening

This is because our names are important to us

Question 19

Define vividness

Answer 19

They are noticeable

Question 20

Example of vividness

Answer 20

A loud girl
A tall boy
The student that says too many “y’know?”

Question 21

Define organization

Answer 21

We categorize different stimuli we have selected from the environment and make sense of it

Question 22

What are the four ways of organization?

Answer 22

Schemas

Figure- ground

Proximity and similarity

Closure

Question 23

Define schemas

Answer 23

Mental plates that enable us to organize and classify stimuli into manageable groups or categories

Question 24

What are schemas, typically?

Answer 24

General views of people and their social roles

Question 25

Example of schemas

Answer 25

``` Categorize others based off of: Appearance (pretty ugly fat) Group membership (religion, political Status) Roles (parent student professor) Or an absent memory ```

Question 26

What is a more specific example of schemas

Answer 26

Friend asks me to babysit 5 year old child I have the schemas "young children have short attention spans"

Question 27

What do we risk with schemas

Answer 27

Stereotyping

Question 28

Define figure ground organization

Answer 28

A portion of stimuli selected from the environment is the focal point of our attention and the rest is placed on the background

Question 29

Example of figure-ground organization

Answer 29

When we hear multiple conversations in public but our minds only focus on one. The rest fades in the background Another one: the odd shapes unless I can see east

Question 30

What are the three ways we can organize our perceptions

Answer 30

Schemas Figure ground Proximity and similarity Closure

Question 31

Define proximity

Answer 31

When we group stimuli that are physically close to each other

Question 32

Examples of proximity

Answer 32

If the professor talks about the class getting low scores on a test, then calls your name to speak after class. But then the professor wants to talk about something completely different

Question 33

Define similarity

Answer 33

We group elements on size, shape, color, and other characteristics

Question 34

Example of similarity

Answer 34

Jocks- loud and obnoxious Artists- introverted and quiet

Question 35

Define closure

Answer 35

Filling in the missing pieces to form a complete picture

Question 36

Example of closure

Answer 36

Filling in missing information to make sense of your communications to understand people Ex- explaining actions of an acquaintance who won't leave a cheating significant other

Question 37

Define interpretation

Answer 37

We selected and organized the stimuli from the environment and not we assign meaning to the stimuli

Question 38

Example of interpretation

Answer 38

If we see our roommate (selection) Frowning (organization) Unhappy (interpretation)

Question 39

What is interpretation influenced by

Answer 39

Expectancy and familiarity

Question 40

Define expectancy

Answer 40

What we expect to perceive

Question 41

What happens in expectancy

Answer 41

We are accustomed to stimuli in a retain way and don't perceive the obvious

Question 42

An example of expectancy

Answer 42

Written a paper Proof read it And still didn't catch the obvious misspellings

Question 43

Define familiarity

Answer 43

How familiar we are with the stimuli

Question 44

What does familiarity add

Answer 44

What we expect to perceive

Question 45

Example of familiarity

Answer 45

Getting a paper back that has words written twice because we are used to seeing what we write that we neglect the word written twice

Question 46

How do expectancy and familiarity work together

Answer 46

Used to seeing things a certain way, that you don't expect for t to change

Question 47

Example of familiarity and expectancy WORKING together

Answer 47

Your friend gets a hair cut, braces off, shaved beard, and you don't notice because you were not expecting a change in their familiar appearance

Question 48

Does our reality match the reality of others? Even if we perceive the same stimuli

Answer 48

Nope

Question 49

What can result from perceiving things differently

Answer 49

Various perceptual errors and biases

Question 50

Why do perceptual biases occur?

Answer 50

We all perceive things differently

Question 51

What can perceptual biases effect

Answer 51

How we communicate with others How we perceive others communication How we interpret and evaluate others behavior

Question 52

What is an example of a worse case scenario of a perceptual bias?

Answer 52

An employee has the tag- low productivity Supervisor thinks it's a defect or a negative characteristic. And might deny raise or result to termination BUT employee might have bad coworkers or faulty equipment

Question 53

In what two ways can our perceptions of sense data be biased

Answer 53

SELECTIVE attention SELECTIVE perception

Question 54

Define SELECTIVE attention

Answer 54

When we ignore certain parts of a stimulus and attend to others

Question 55

Example of SELECTIVE attention

Answer 55

Parents- "well buy you a car if you pay for the gas insurance and maintenance Child only hears "well buy you a car"

Question 56

Define SELECTIVE perception

Answer 56

Occurs when we see what we want to see, hear what we want to hear, and believe what we want to believe

Question 57

Example of SELECTIVE perception

Answer 57

Love is blind Someone in love will ignore bad characteristics and only see the good

Question 58

What are the three main perceptual biases

Answer 58

Selectivity Confusing fact wth inference Attributional errors

Question 59

Define inference

Answer 59

Interpretation based on a fact

Question 60

Example of an inference

Answer 60

"She wore an ugly dress" | "He left the airport a long time ago."

Question 61

Define facts

Answer 61

Independently verifiable by others such as she wore a red dress He left for the airport at 7:15 am

Question 62

What are facts ascertained by | And how is this different than inference

Answer 62

After Observation Inferences can be made anytime

Question 63

Do facts approach certainty?

Answer 63

Yes | And inferences have various degrees of probability

Question 64

Which is limited? Facts or inferences?

Answer 64

Facts Inferences are unlimited

Question 65

Which leads to more disagreement? Inferences or facts

Answer 65

Inferences Facts lead to agreement

Question 66

What can confusing facts with inferences lead to

Answer 66

Perceptual biases and problematic communication

Question 67

Define attributions

Answer 67

Reasons for or causes of behavior

Question 68

Who is the father of attribution theory?

Answer 68

Fritz Heider

Question 69

Define attribution theory

Answer 69

Explains exactly how we create explanations or attach meaning to our own or another's behavior

Question 70

Define fundamental attribution error

Answer 70

When we overemphasize inherent characteristics or personality and underemphasize situational factors when we explain the reasons for others behavior