Chapter 2: Pseudoscience

Question 1

Scientific Skepticism is

Answer 1

approaching claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive before accepting them

Question 2

Critical thinking can be also referred to as

Answer 2

scientific thinking

Question 3

the ability to generate test and evaluate claims,data and theory openmindedly, helps us to solve everyday problems

Answer 3

Critical thinking/Scientific thinking

Question 4

Occam’s Razor, Replicability, Ruling out the rival hypothesis, Extraordinary claims and Correlation isn’t causation are all

Answer 4

Basic principles of scientific skepticism

Question 5

the idea that when there are two individual explanations for theory we should generally believe the more simpler explanation is

Answer 5

Occam’s Razor

Question 6

the ability to replicate other research (can the results be duplicated) on other studies is

Answer 6

Replicability

Question 7

when we ask our selves: maybe there’s another hypothesis? have important alternative explanations been excluded? we are…

Answer 7

Ruling out Rival Hypothesis

Question 8

making a claim like “homeopathic medicine cures everything” is an example of

Answer 8

Extraordinary claims without evidence

Question 9

Can we be sure that X causes Y is an example of

Answer 9

Correlation isn’t Causation

Question 10

Dangers of Pseudoscience include:

Answer 10

1. Opportunity Cost
2. Direct Harm
3. An inability to think scientifically as citizens

Question 11

a claim that appears scientific even though it lacks evidence ex astrology is

Answer 11

Pseudoscience

Question 12

Warning Signs of Pseudoscience include?

Answer 12

Lack of Falsifiability, Lack of Progress/Self Correction, Emphasis on Confirmation, Evasion of/or questionable Peer Review, Reliant on Anecdotal Evidence, Absence of Connectivity, Scientific Sounding Language, and Exaggerated Claims

Question 13

Lack of Falsifiability is something that

Answer 13

cannot be tested

Question 14

Lack of Progress/Self-Correction is something that

Answer 14

has been around for so long causing info to be outdated and difficult to confirm ex.astrology

Question 15

A psychic is an example of

Answer 15

emphasis on confirmation

Question 16

believing claims only because its on a website, or because many people say it is being

Answer 16

Reliant on Anecdotal Evidence

Question 17

a claim that is not connected to anything else in the world be know

Answer 17

Absence of Connectivity

Question 18

believing a claim only bc it sounds sciency but is really just made up scientific words for something to sound more true, this represents the category of

Answer 18

Scientific Sounding Language

Question 19

Why can opportunity cost be a harm to pseudoscience?

Answer 19

we may waste our time depending on our beliefs and instead using scientifically unsupported treatment to get better ex.Law of attraction

Question 20

Logical Fallacies in Psychological Thinking include:

Answer 20

Emotional Reasoning, Bandwagon, Either-or, and the Bias Blind Spot

Question 21

Bandwagon is assuming

Answer 21

something is right just because may people believe it

Question 22

Emotional Reasoning is when we

Answer 22

use emotion to evaluate whether a claim is valid

Question 23

Either-or is framing

Answer 23

a question in a way it can only be answered one way

Question 24

The Bias Blind Spot is being overly

Answer 24

confident about how the future will look

Question 25

Pseudoscience lacks protection against

Answer 25

confirmation bias and belief perseverance

Question 26

Pseudo scientific claims such as astrology give us

Answer 26

comfort, because they seem to offer control

Question 27

People may be drawn to pseudoscience for many reasons including:

Answer 27

motivational factors, a need for wonder, pareidolid and apophenia

Question 28

the tendency to perceive meaningless images in meaningless visual stimuli

Answer 28

Pareidolid

Question 29

the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomenon

Answer 29

Apophenia

Question 30

Experimental Research Methods determine

Answer 30

cause and effect relationships

Question 31

Correlational Research Methods look for

Answer 31

the relationship between X and Y

Question 32

a correlation between 1 and -1 is a

Answer 32

perfect correlation

Question 33

a correlation that moves in opposite directions is a

Answer 33

negative correlation

Question 34

a correlation that move in the same direction is a

Answer 34

positive correlation

Question 35

the strength of the correlation is how close it is to

Answer 35

1 and -1

Question 36

a Pro and a Con of Correlational Research Methods is that

Answer 36

Pro: more flexible Con:cant explain causation

Question 37

The 3 types of Descriptive Research Methods are:

Answer 37

Naturalistic Observation, Case Study, and Survey Research

Question 38

Naturalistic Observation is? Whats a Pro and Con?

Answer 38

naturally observing pro; related to the real world con;observer may be biased, no control over variables

Question 39

Case Study is? Whats a Pro and Con?

Answer 39

an in depth analysis of a person group or event pro; allows investigation or rare phenomenon, may provide existence proofs cons;cannot determine cause and effect, researcher bias

Question 40

pro; efficient for collecting large amounts of data cons; unrepresentative sample may lead to faulty generalizations, rely on self reports, cannot prove causality are pros and cons of..

Answer 40

survey research