Chapter 3: Research Methods

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

the variable the researcher manipulates

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

the variable that is being measured

Question 3

Random Assignment

Answer 3

a 50/50 chance being in either condition in an experiment

Question 4

Operational Definitions

Answer 4

clearly defining what the researcher is measuring

Question 5

Between-Subjects Design

Answer 5

-you can only have one result of the other
-different groups assigned to an experiment
-exposed to one condition or outcome

Question 6

Within-Subjects Design

Answer 6

-having control over the outcome of the experiment
-exposed to both conditions or outcomes
-each participant has their own control

Question 7

rules of thumb that help streamline our thinking

Answer 7

Heuristics

Question 8

the tendency to presume that someone/ something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member ex. Thinking that a engineer is a lawyer just because the look like one

Answer 8

Representative Heuristics

Question 9

making a judgment based on what we can remember, rather than complete data ex. Watching titanic right before going on a boat, this creates fear within us

Answer 9

Availability Heuristics

Question 10

Keys to a Successful Experimental Design

Answer 10

random selection, internal validity, external validity, reliability, awareness of leniency effect, problems with self-report measures

Question 11

Random Selection

Answer 11

incorporating people from across the world

Question 12

Internal Validity

Answer 12

helps us find cause and effect
-was the study done right?

Question 13

External Validity

Answer 13

how well does it generalize/relate to the real world?

Question 14

Reliability

Answer 14

consistency of the test
-do the results stay the same or keep changing?

Question 15

Awareness of Leniency Effect

Answer 15

tendency of being overally generous

Question 16

Problems of self-report measures?

Answer 16

tendency to stick around the middle during surveys

Question 17

What do Descriptive Statistics do

Answer 17

Describe the data

Question 18

What do Inferential Statistics talk about

Answer 18

the differences between groups/samples

Question 19

Mode

Answer 19

the number that appears the most

Question 20

Median

Answer 20

the number in the middle when u line all the numbers up

Question 21

Mean

Answer 21

the average between all the numbers

Question 22

Range

Answer 22

lowest and highest number

Question 23

SD

Answer 23

tells us how far each point is from the median

Question 24

Improvement resulting from the expectation of seeing improvement

Answer 24

The Placebo Effect

Question 25

unintentionally biasing a study since they are aware of the hypothesis (when you are more biased towards someone with a certain condition than a person without that condition. To prevent this we use a DOUBLE BLIND STUDY where neither the researcher nor the participant know what condition their in .

Answer 25

Experimental Expectancy

Question 26

is when people are aware that they in an experiment it may affect their behavior or they way they act

Answer 26

The Hawthorne Effect

Question 27

when people know what a researcher is looking for, causing them to act that way, things in the environment that allow people to guess the hypothesis

Answer 27

Controlling Demand Experiments

Question 28

Human ethics prevent

Answer 28

deception

Question 29

an experimental design consists of two ingredients which include

Answer 29

random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

Question 30

experiment expectancy occurs when

Answer 30

researchers hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias a study

Question 31

research participants can pick cues known as demand characteristics from an experiment to allow them to

Answer 31

generate guesses regarding the experimenters hypothesis

Question 32

REBS insist on a procedure called_________ where....

Answer 32

informed consent; where researchers must tell subjects what they're going into before asking them to participate

Question 33

debriefing is

Answer 33

a process whereby researchers inform participants what the study was about

Question 34

another type of descriptive statistic is called ___________ which....

Answer 34

variability; which gives us a sense of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

Question 35

the nocebo effect is

Answer 35

harm resulting from the expectation of harm

Question 36

in experimental designs, the differences among participants are _________ whereas in correlational they are __________

Answer 36

created; measured

Question 37

Replicability involves...., Reproductibility involves.....

Answer 37

replicability collecting new data from new participants whereas reproductivity involves repeating the same statistical analysis on already collected data

Question 38

an analysis of a set of studies on a particular topic that statistically evaluated the strength of patterns across different studies

Answer 38

meta analysis

Question 39

a fancy term for how common a behavior or characteristic is

Answer 39

Base Rate

Question 40

System 1 thinking is

Answer 40

intuitive thinking

Question 41

System 2 thinking is

Answer 41

analytical thinking

Question 42

Precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance are

Answer 42

ESP