Chapter 4: Biological Psychology Flashcards by Britney Oseyamhen

an Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures

-electrical activity
-cortical activity
-changes in brain activity
-large scale activity
-tells us when something in the brain is happening

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A Computed Technology (CT Scan) uses

XRAYS to get 3 dimensional images

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A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures

magnetic fields to visualize brain structure
-spinning of hydrogen atoms

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A Functional MRI (FMRI) measures

-structure and location
-blood flow
-change in blood oxygen level
-visualizes brain activity

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A Poistron Emission Tomography (PET) measures

-glucose-like molecules
-structure and location
-changes in the brains activity in response to stimuli
-carotid artery

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A Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures

-tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
-millisecond by millisecond

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A Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

-treats disorders
-manipulates the brain
-implants battery powered electrodes within the brain

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A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

-applies strong and quick magnetic fields to the skull that can enter, enhance or interrupt brain function
-manipulates the brain
-a direct and noninvasive technique that allows us to infer causation

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ENDOGENOUS means neurotransmitters that are..

made inside the body ex. glutamate, monamines

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EXOGENOUS means neurotransmitters that are…

made outside the body ex.nicotine, advil, tylenol

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AFFECTS OF GLUTAMATE AND GABA

-most common, associated with memory and learning
-toxic in high doses
-Glutamate; excitatory, increases the chances for neurons to communicate
-GABA; inhibitory, contributes to some mental disorders

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AFFECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE

-influences arousal, attention, sleep and memory
-triggers movement

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AFFECTS OF ANANDAMINES

-influences eating and motivation
-memory and sleep

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AFFECTS OF MONOAMINES

-Norepinephrine; arousal, hunger, mood, sleep
-Dopamine; reward
-Seretonin; mood, regulates temp, aggression, sleep, contain 1 amino acid

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AFFECTS OF NEUROPEPTIDES

-short strings of amino acids
-Endorphins(endogenous); relieves pain
-Synthetic Opioids (exogenous); reduce and relieve pain
-made in cell body

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The Cell Body (soma) refers to the

center of the neuron

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The Dendrites refer to the

ranch-like extensions, receive info from other neurons

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Axons refer to

thin tails, send messages to other neurons, synaptic vesicles travel down the axon towards the axon terminal, where info is exchanged between 2 neurons, consists of a synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters are released

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the nervous systems ability to change

Plasticity

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Neuron Stages of Development

Growth of Dendrites and Axons
Synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses)
Pruning (death of some neurons and the retraction of useless axons)
Myelination (insulation of axons w an myelin sheath)

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Neurogenesis is the

generation of new neurons

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Neurogenesis occurs in the

adult brain (as we get older plasticity decreases and we can only recover partially from brain injury)

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what can help prevent plasticity decrease and hard recovery

Stem cells (have the capacity to create any cells)

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What factors can help increase Neurogenesis?

learning, sex, aging, running, good diet

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What factors decrease Neurogenesis?

sleep, sleep deprivation

The Corpus Callosum collects

left and right hemispheres

cutting into the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures

Split Brain Surgery

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

Lateralization

The Central Nervous System include:

-Cortex -Basal Ganglia -Limbic System -Cerebellum -Brain Stem -Spinal Cord

The components of the Cortex include?

Frontal Cortex, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe

which part of the cortex controls motor planning, language, reasoning, memory

Frontal Lobe

which part of the cortex controls auditory info, autobiographical memory, language

Temporal Lobe

which part of the cortex controls vision, touch, and spatial perception

Parietal Lobe

which part of the cortex controls visual info

Occiptal Lobe

the Basal Ganglia controls

movement and motor planning

the Limbic System includes;

Thalmus, Hypothalmus, Amygdala, and Hippocampus

the Cerebellum controls

balance and coordination

The parts of the Brain Stem include;

Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla,

the Midbrain tracks

visual stimuli and sound reflexes

Pons send info between/ connects

the cortex and cerebellum

the medulla controls

breathing, heartbeats

the spinal cord conveys info between the

brain and the rest of the body

the spinal cord is protected by the

meninges, the cerebral ventricles and a clear fluid called cerebral spinal fluid (provides nutrients)

Important Areas of the Cortex include

- Motor Cortex - Central Cortex - Prefrontal Cortex - Broca's Area - Visual Cortex - Wernicke's Area - Somatosensory Cortex - Visual Association Cortex - Auditory Association Cortex - Primary Auditory Cortex

the Motor Cortex controls

body parts

the Prefrontal Cortex controls

thinking, planning, memory

the Brocas area is the region of the prefrontal cortex that is

crucial in language

the Visual Cortex is located

in the occipital lobe

the Wernickes area is the

language part of the temporal lobe

What happened to Phineas Gage

Iron exploded into his head, destroying his left prefrontal cortex resulting in remarkable behavior changes that changed him

Amygdala controls

fear, excitement, arousal

the Hippocampus controls

spatial memory

damage to the Hippocampus can cause

inability to form new memories

the Hypothalmus regulates

internal body states, influences hormones and sex

the Thalmus sends info from

sensory organs to primary sensory cortex

the limbic system is the __________ center of the brain

emotional

when sensory info enter the brain it first goes to the

Primary sensory cortex than to the Association cortex

Cerebellum means little brain and is the miniature version of the

cortex

the brainstem contains

the midbrain, pons and medulla

T or F: Both females and males have both testosterone and estrogen(females and males just have more of one)

True

the practice that makes adoption studies problematic refers to

selective placement

The Peripheral Nervous System breaks down into the

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

Sensory Nerves are nerves that

carry info from the body to the brain

Motor Nerves are nerves that

carry info from the brain to body

the spinal cord is a

thick, bundle of nerves conveying signals between the brain and body

the spinal cord contains interneurons that allow for

reflexes to occur

What part of the Peripheral Nervous System controls involuntary actions and controls our internal environment

Autonomic Nervous System

What part of the Peripheral Nervous System conveys info from the CNS to the muscles, controls voluntary actions and interacts with our external environment

Somatic Nervous System

The Autonomic System breaks down into the

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

The Sympathetic System controls

flight or flight responses

The Parasympathetic System controls

rest and digest responses

The reticular activating system plays a role in

arousal

The system that -controls the secretion of blood-borne chemicals -regulates emotions -influenced by homes is known as..

Endocrine System

The Pituitary Gland functions..

-controlled by hypothalamus -releases hormones that influence growth and blood pressure -releases oxytocin (essential for maternity and romantic love) -responsible for reproductive functions

Adrenaline triggers..

heart contraction, blood vessel constriction, the opening of bronchioles, the breakdown of fat into fatty acids, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, opening of pupils

The adrenal glands manufacture the hormones..

adrenaline and cortisol

cortisol increases in response to

physical and psychological stress

a technique used for mapping areas of the brain is known as

Phrenology

regions associated with spontaneous thoughts, daydreaming, mind wandering are known as

the default mode network (DMN)

when we identify brain areas that are particularly active during a specific task

localization of function

neurons are the brains

communicators

Astrocytes (found in the blood-brain barrier) are gilal cells that

communicate closely with neurons, increase their accuracy, help to control blood flow to the brain, play a role in the development of an embryo

Two types of gilal cells are called

Astrocytes and Oligondendrocyte

Obligondendrocytes are gilal cells that

promotes new connections, produces a wrapper around axons called a myelin sheath (insulates axons)

the gaps all the way along the axons are called

Nodes

there are no neurotransmitters acting on the neuron, the neuron isn't doing anything, there are more negative particles inside that neuron

Resting Potential

the electrical charge inside the neuron reaches a high enough level relative to the outside , causes an action potential to be triggered

Threshold of Excitation

neurons communicate through

action potentials

a massive change in charge across a membrane we refer to a neuron as

firing

the "all or none" rule is

the ability for a neuron to fire or not

each action potential is followed by a brief period in time during in which another action potential cannot occur, this is known as

absolute refractory period

drugs that interact with the neurotransmitter systems are called

psychoactive

a drug that functions as an antagonist

blocks or decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter

a drug that functions as an agonist

increases or mimic the effect of a neurotransmitter

what is the largest component of the cerebrum/forebrain, that helps with reasoning and language, and consists of two hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum

cerebral cortex

the corpus callosum allows

both hemispheres to talk

the central sulcus separates the

frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex

the temporal lobe is separated from the rest of the cortex by the

lateral fissure

the frontal brains oversee other brain functions through a process called

executive functioning

chronic traumatic encephalopathy is caused by

repeated head injuries

Chapter 4: Biological Psychology Flashcards

(100 cards)