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Psychology 104 > Chapter 4: Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Biological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

an Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures

A

-electrical activity
-cortical activity
-changes in brain activity
-large scale activity
-tells us when something in the brain is happening

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2
Q

A Computed Technology (CT Scan) uses

A

XRAYS to get 3 dimensional images

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3
Q

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures

A
  • magnetic fields to visualize brain structure
    -spinning of hydrogen atoms
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4
Q

A Functional MRI (FMRI) measures

A

-structure and location
-blood flow
-change in blood oxygen level
-visualizes brain activity

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5
Q

A Poistron Emission Tomography (PET) measures

A

-glucose-like molecules
-structure and location
-changes in the brains activity in response to stimuli
-carotid artery

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6
Q

A Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures

A

-tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
-millisecond by millisecond

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7
Q

A Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

-treats disorders
-manipulates the brain
-implants battery powered electrodes within the brain

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8
Q

A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

-applies strong and quick magnetic fields to the skull that can enter, enhance or interrupt brain function
-manipulates the brain
-a direct and noninvasive technique that allows us to infer causation

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9
Q

ENDOGENOUS means neurotransmitters that are..

A

made inside the body ex. glutamate, monamines

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10
Q

EXOGENOUS means neurotransmitters that are…

A

made outside the body ex.nicotine, advil, tylenol

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11
Q

AFFECTS OF GLUTAMATE AND GABA

A

-most common, associated with memory and learning
-toxic in high doses
-Glutamate; excitatory, increases the chances for neurons to communicate
-GABA; inhibitory, contributes to some mental disorders

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12
Q

AFFECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE

A

-influences arousal, attention, sleep and memory
-triggers movement

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13
Q

AFFECTS OF ANANDAMINES

A

-influences eating and motivation
-memory and sleep

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14
Q

AFFECTS OF MONOAMINES

A

-Norepinephrine; arousal, hunger, mood, sleep
-Dopamine; reward
-Seretonin; mood, regulates temp, aggression, sleep, contain 1 amino acid

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15
Q

AFFECTS OF NEUROPEPTIDES

A

-short strings of amino acids
-Endorphins(endogenous); relieves pain
-Synthetic Opioids (exogenous); reduce and relieve pain
-made in cell body

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16
Q

The Cell Body (soma) refers to the

A

center of the neuron

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17
Q

The Dendrites refer to the

A

ranch-like extensions, receive info from other neurons

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18
Q

Axons refer to

A

thin tails, send messages to other neurons, synaptic vesicles travel down the axon towards the axon terminal, where info is exchanged between 2 neurons, consists of a synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters are released

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19
Q

the nervous systems ability to change

A

Plasticity

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20
Q

Neuron Stages of Development

A
  1. Growth of Dendrites and Axons
  2. Synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses)
  3. Pruning (death of some neurons and the retraction of useless axons)
  4. Myelination (insulation of axons w an myelin sheath)
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21
Q

Neurogenesis is the

A

generation of new neurons

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22
Q

Neurogenesis occurs in the

A

adult brain (as we get older plasticity decreases and we can only recover partially from brain injury)

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23
Q

what can help prevent plasticity decrease and hard recovery

A

Stem cells (have the capacity to create any cells)

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24
Q

What factors can help increase Neurogenesis?

A

learning, sex, aging, running, good diet

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25
Q

What factors decrease Neurogenesis?

A

sleep, sleep deprivation

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26
Q

The Corpus Callosum collects

A

left and right hemispheres

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27
Q

cutting into the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures

A

Split Brain Surgery

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28
Q

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

A

Lateralization

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29
Q

The Central Nervous System include:

A

-Cortex
-Basal Ganglia
-Limbic System
-Cerebellum
-Brain Stem
-Spinal Cord

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30
Q

The components of the Cortex include?

A

Frontal Cortex, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe

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31
Q

which part of the cortex controls motor planning, language, reasoning, memory

A

Frontal Lobe

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32
Q

which part of the cortex controls auditory info, autobiographical memory, language

A

Temporal Lobe

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33
Q

which part of the cortex controls vision, touch, and spatial perception

A

Parietal Lobe

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34
Q

which part of the cortex controls visual info

A

Occiptal Lobe

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35
Q

the Basal Ganglia controls

A

movement and motor planning

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36
Q

the Limbic System includes;

A

Thalmus, Hypothalmus, Amygdala, and Hippocampus

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37
Q

the Cerebellum controls

A

balance and coordination

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38
Q

The parts of the Brain Stem include;

A

Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla,

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39
Q

the Midbrain tracks

A

visual stimuli and sound reflexes

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40
Q

Pons send info between/ connects

A

the cortex and cerebellum

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41
Q

the medulla controls

A

breathing, heartbeats

42
Q

the spinal cord conveys info between the

A

brain and the rest of the body

43
Q

the spinal cord is protected by the

A

meninges, the cerebral ventricles and a clear fluid called cerebral spinal fluid (provides nutrients)

44
Q

Important Areas of the Cortex include

A
  • Motor Cortex
  • Central Cortex
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Broca’s Area
  • Visual Cortex
  • Wernicke’s Area
  • Somatosensory Cortex
  • Visual Association Cortex
  • Auditory Association Cortex
  • Primary Auditory Cortex
45
Q

the Motor Cortex controls

A

body parts

46
Q

the Prefrontal Cortex controls

A

thinking, planning, memory

47
Q

the Brocas area is the region of the prefrontal cortex that is

A

crucial in language

48
Q

the Visual Cortex is located

A

in the occipital lobe

49
Q

the Wernickes area is the

A

language part of the temporal lobe

50
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage

A

Iron exploded into his head, destroying his left prefrontal cortex resulting in remarkable behavior changes that changed him

51
Q

Amygdala controls

A

fear, excitement, arousal

52
Q

the Hippocampus controls

A

spatial memory

53
Q

damage to the Hippocampus can cause

A

inability to form new memories

54
Q

the Hypothalmus regulates

A

internal body states, influences hormones and sex

55
Q

the Thalmus sends info from

A

sensory organs to primary sensory cortex

56
Q

the limbic system is the __________ center of the brain

A

emotional

57
Q

when sensory info enter the brain it first goes to the

A

Primary sensory cortex than to the Association cortex

58
Q

Cerebellum means little brain and is the miniature version of the

A

cortex

59
Q

the brainstem contains

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla

60
Q

T or F: Both females and males have both testosterone and estrogen(females and males just have more of one)

A

True

61
Q

the practice that makes adoption studies problematic refers to

A

selective placement

62
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System breaks down into the

A

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

63
Q

Sensory Nerves are nerves that

A

carry info from the body to the brain

64
Q

Motor Nerves are nerves that

A

carry info from the brain to body

65
Q

the spinal cord is a

A

thick, bundle of nerves conveying signals between the brain and body

66
Q

the spinal cord contains interneurons that allow for

A

reflexes to occur

67
Q

What part of the Peripheral Nervous System controls involuntary actions and controls our internal environment

A

Autonomic Nervous System

68
Q

What part of the Peripheral Nervous System conveys info from the CNS to the muscles, controls voluntary actions and interacts with our external environment

A

Somatic Nervous System

69
Q

The Autonomic System breaks down into the

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

70
Q

The Sympathetic System controls

A

flight or flight responses

71
Q

The Parasympathetic System controls

A

rest and digest responses

72
Q

The reticular activating system plays a role in

A

arousal

73
Q

The system that
-controls the secretion of blood-borne chemicals
-regulates emotions
-influenced by homes
is known as..

A

Endocrine System

74
Q

The Pituitary Gland functions..

A

-controlled by hypothalamus
-releases hormones that influence growth and blood pressure
-releases oxytocin (essential for maternity and romantic love)
-responsible for reproductive functions

75
Q

Adrenaline triggers..

A

heart contraction, blood vessel constriction, the opening of bronchioles, the breakdown of fat into fatty acids, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, opening of pupils

76
Q

The adrenal glands manufacture the hormones..

A

adrenaline and cortisol

77
Q

cortisol increases in response to

A

physical and psychological stress

78
Q

a technique used for mapping areas of the brain is known as

A

Phrenology

79
Q

regions associated with spontaneous thoughts, daydreaming, mind wandering are known as

A

the default mode network (DMN)

80
Q

when we identify brain areas that are particularly active during a specific task

A

localization of function

81
Q

neurons are the brains

A

communicators

82
Q

Astrocytes (found in the blood-brain barrier) are gilal cells that

A

communicate closely with neurons, increase their accuracy, help to control blood flow to the brain, play a role in the development of an embryo

83
Q

Two types of gilal cells are called

A

Astrocytes and Oligondendrocyte

84
Q

Obligondendrocytes are gilal cells that

A

promotes new connections, produces a wrapper around axons called a myelin sheath (insulates axons)

85
Q

the gaps all the way along the axons are called

A

Nodes

86
Q

there are no neurotransmitters acting on the neuron, the neuron isn’t doing anything, there are more negative particles inside that neuron

A

Resting Potential

87
Q

the electrical charge inside the neuron reaches a high enough level relative to the outside , causes an action potential to be triggered

A

Threshold of Excitation

88
Q

neurons communicate through

A

action potentials

89
Q

a massive change in charge across a membrane we refer to a neuron as

A

firing

90
Q

the “all or none” rule is

A

the ability for a neuron to fire or not

91
Q

each action potential is followed by a brief period in time during in which another action potential cannot occur, this is known as

A

absolute refractory period

92
Q

drugs that interact with the neurotransmitter systems are called

A

psychoactive

93
Q

a drug that functions as an antagonist

A

blocks or decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter

94
Q

a drug that functions as an agonist

A

increases or mimic the effect of a neurotransmitter

95
Q

what is the largest component of the cerebrum/forebrain, that helps with reasoning and language, and consists of two hemispheres that are connected by the corpus callosum

A

cerebral cortex

96
Q

the corpus callosum allows

A

both hemispheres to talk

97
Q

the central sulcus separates the

A

frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex

98
Q

the temporal lobe is separated from the rest of the cortex by the

A

lateral fissure

99
Q

the frontal brains oversee other brain functions through a process called

A

executive functioning

100
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy is caused by

A

repeated head injuries

Psychology 104 (6 decks)

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