Chapter 2 pt.2

Question 1

Pro-business EPA administrator who was almost appointed by President Reagan to reverse the pro-environmental trend

Answer 1

Ann Gorsuch

Question 2

Who replaced Ann Gorsuch?

Answer 2

William Ruckleshaus

Question 3

Who was the first EPA administrator?

Answer 3

William Rucklesshaus

Question 4

Over past 25 years, more than 170 environmental treaties and conventions have been negotiated list three of them?

Answer 4

◦ Montreal Protocol (1987, ozone)
◦ Kyoto Protocol (2001, greenhouse gases)
◦ Paris Conference (2015,
climate change)

Question 5

the study of how people use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants

Answer 5

economics

Question 6

_________ use models to determine the consequences of ways people, businesses and governments allocate their resources

Answer 6

economics

Question 7

How is economics ultilitarian?

Answer 7

1. it is practical

2. has goods, services with value convertible to currency

Question 8

Economies depend on ________ _______ in the form of raw materials for production, consumption

Answer 8

natural capital

Question 9

Economies depend on natural capital in the form of ____ ________ for production, consumption

Answer 9

raw materials

Question 10

Also depend on the environment for ________ ___ _____ _______

Answer 10

disposal of waste products

Question 11

occur when suppliers do not pay all the true cost of production

Answer 11

externalities

Question 12

From an economic standpoint, there is an _______ ______ ___ _________

Answer 12

optimal amount of pollution

Question 13

This optimal amount of pollution is the _____ to society of having
pollution being offset by the _______ to society of the activity creating the pollution

Answer 13

cost

benefits

Question 14

In order to determine the optimal amount of pollution, must be able to identify?

Answer 14

1. Marginal cost of pollution

2. Marginal cost of pollution abatement

Question 15

cost of having a small additional amount of pollution

Answer 15

Marginal cost of pollution

Question 16

cost of reducing a small amount of pollution

Answer 16

Marginal cost of pollution abatement

Question 17

This is a cost to society – as damage to health, property, agriculture, aesthetics, reduction in ecosystem services

Answer 17

Marginal cost of pollution

Question 18

This is a cost to society – as $$

Answer 18

Marginal cost of pollution abatement

Question 19

With _____ pollution: social cost (damage to health, environment) is too high
With ____ pollution: social cost (in dollars) is also too high

Answer 19

high

low

Question 20

What are the two incentive-based regulations?

Answer 20

1. Environmental taxes

2. Tradable permits

Question 21

Environmental taxes are also know as _____ taxes

Answer 21

green

Question 22

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Identify and replicate societal cost of pollution

Answer 22

environmental taxes

Question 23

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: If taxes are set at correct level, the cost faced by the polluter will be identical to the marginal societal cost of pollution

Answer 23

environmental taxes

Question 24

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Rely on quantifying total amount of pollutant desired, then “permitting” for this total

Answer 24

tradable permits

Question 25

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Companies that can easily reduce emissions trade or sell their extra permits to those who can’t as easily

Answer 25

tradable permits

Question 26

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Encourages innovation, efficiency

Answer 26

tradable permits

Question 27

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Major success: SO2 and Clean Air Act

Answer 27

tradable permits

Question 28

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: Has been proposed for global CO2 – “cap-and-trade”

Answer 28

tradable permits

Question 29

Which type of incentive-based regulations is this: As of Jan. 2013, California established this system for greenhouse gases

Answer 29

tradable permits

Question 30

What are the actual monetary values of ecosystem services?

Answer 30

Some calculations place value at $33 trillion/year!

Question 31

``` The right of every citizen regardless of age, race and gender, social class or other factor, to adequate protection from environmental hazards ```

Answer 31

environmental justice

Question 32

What is the challenge of environmental justice?

Answer 32

To find equitable solutions that respect all groups of people

Question 33

Generally, members of low income and minority communities:

Answer 33

1. Face more environmental threats and have fewer environmental amenities 2. Have less voice in planning

Question 34

A 1987 report concluded that _____ was the single best predictor of where toxic waste facilities were located nationwide

Answer 34

race

Question 35

1994 -_______ required all federal agencies to ensure | their policies do not discriminate against ____ or _______ communities when locating future hazardous facilities

Answer 35

Clinton poor minority

Question 36

Field of ethics that considers the moral basis of | environmental responsibility

Answer 36

environmental ethics

Question 37

Describe the western environmental worldview.

Answer 37

1. Also called expansionist – anthropocentric and utilitarian 2. Human superiority and dominance over nature 3.  Environmental concerns are derived from human interests

Question 38

Describe the deep ecology environmental worldview.

Answer 38

1. All species have an equal worth to humans - biocentric  | 2. Humans have obligation to themselves and environment

Question 39

Most people's ethics fall somewhere in between _______ and ______ ________

Answer 39

western | deep ecology

Question 40

Pollution is considered to be an externality because its?

Answer 40

Has a cost to the environment and to society that's not returned in the price of the product that arouses it