Chapter 3 pt.3

Question 1

The earth is an ______ _______ that exchanges energy with its; surroundings

Answer 1

open system

Question 2

a system that exchanges energy with its’ surroundings

Answer 2

open system

Question 3

as energy is used it changes _____

Answer 3

forms

Question 4

All energy uses are subject to the laws of _______________

Answer 4

thermodynamics

Question 5

Describe the 1st law of thermodynamics.

Answer 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it changes from one form to another

Question 6

Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Answer 6

Energy transfer is never 100% efficent.

Question 7

According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat is highly ________.

Answer 7

entropic (disorganized)

Question 8

According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is converted from one form to another, some of it’s degraded and lost to ______

Answer 8

heat

Question 9

The First Law of Thermodynamics deals with the _____________ of energy

Answer 9

conservation

Question 10

According to the first law of thermodynamics, organisms can’t ______ energy, must capture it from some other source for survival

Answer 10

create

Question 11

Energy from food passes from one organism to another based on their _______ _____

Answer 11

trophic level

Question 12

an organism’s position in a food chain, determined by its feeding relationsips

Answer 12

trophic level

Question 13

The root word for trophic level, troph, means?

Answer 13

food

Question 14

Describe each trophic level:
First trophic level:
Second trophic level:
Third trophic level:

Answer 14

First trophic level: Producers
Second trophic level: Primary Consumers
Third trophic level: Secondary Consumers

Question 15

__________ are present in all trophic levels

Answer 15

Decomposers

Question 16

As living things are eaten, some energy is used to make ________ (what you see as living material of an organism) of that trophic level

Answer 16

biomass

Question 17

Most energy is lost as _____, it cannot be recovered

Answer 17

heat

Question 18

Which of the following does not refer to a primary consumer:
A. Carnivore
B. Consumer that producers 
C. Grasshoper 
D. Herbivore 
E. Second Trophic Level

Answer 18

A. Carnivore, because it’s a secondary consumer

Question 19

A more realistic model of the flow of energy and materials organizes a community based on feeding relationships

Answer 19

food web

Question 20

Graphically represents the relative energy value of each trophic level

Answer 20

ecological pyramids

Question 21

Important feature of ecological pyramid, is that large amount of energy is lost between _______ ______ to _____

Answer 21

trophic levels

heat

Question 22

What are the three main types of ecological pyramids?

Answer 22

◦ Pyramid of numbers
◦ Pyramid of biomass
◦ Pyramid of energy

Question 23

Which type of ecological pyramid: Illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level

Answer 23

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 24

Which type of ecological pyramid: Most at producer level

Answer 24

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 25

Which type of ecological pyramid: Fewer organisms with each successive trophic level

Answer 25

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 26

Which type of ecological pyramid: Does not indicate, biomass of organisms at each level

Answer 26

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 27

Which type of ecological pyramid: Does not indicate, amount of energy transferred between levels

Answer 27

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 28

Which type of ecological pyramid: Illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level

Answer 28

Pyramid of Biomass

Question 29

The Pyramid of Biomass, has ____% reduction in biomass through trophic levels

Answer 29

90%

Question 30

The Pyramid of Biomass, has 90% _________ in biomass through trophic levels

Answer 30

reduction

Question 31

So only a ~___% efficiency in the pyramid of biomass | – this small amount of biomass contributes to the biomass in next trophic level

Answer 31

10%

Question 32

Which type of pyramid: Illustrates how much energy is present at each trophic level and how much is transferred to the next level

Answer 32

Pyramid of Energy

Question 33

True or False: There are usually no more than 4-5 trophic levels

Answer 33

True

Question 34

The are more _________ than the food supply can support

Answer 34

consumers

Question 35

What are some of the limitations associated with vegetarianism?

Answer 35

food quality, and the ability to digest completely

Question 36

The “productivity” of an ecosystem is measured as the amount of _______ ___________(PP):

Answer 36

primary productivity

Question 37

Primary productivity represents ________ _________ (plants, algae) and the amount of ______ produced over time

Answer 37

primary producers | plant

Question 38

Productivity is a ______ – measured as grams of plant /area/year

Answer 38

rate

Question 39

Which type of ecosystems have high productivity?

Answer 39

High: coral reefs tropical rain forests wetlands

Question 40

Which type of ecosystems have low productivity?

Answer 40

Low: deserts open ocean tundra

Question 41

Humans use ~___% of total land-based PP, even though we only represent about ___% of biomass

Answer 41

32% | 0.5%

Question 42

Humans use ~32% of total _____-_____ PP, even though we only represent about 0.5% of ________

Answer 42

land-based | biomass

Question 43

_______ _____ is the primary contributor to species extinction

Answer 43

Habitat loss