Chapter #2/ Slides #2

Question 1

Define Atmosphere

Answer 1

The gas surrounding Earth’s surface

Question 2

Define Geosphere

Answer 2

The solid Earth from surface to center

Question 3

Define Hydrosphere and Cryosphere

Answer 3

Liquid water and ice in all other realms

Question 4

Define Biosphere

Answer 4

All types of living organisms

Question 5

Define Weather, in the atmosphere

Answer 5

Short-term atmospheric conditions

Question 6

Define Climate, in the atmosphere

Answer 6

Long-term atmospheric conditions

Question 7

Define Bathymetry

Answer 7

The shape of the ocean floor

Question 8

What does Earths internal energy cause?

Answer 8

Melts rock which forms volcanos.

Internal energy drives plate movement

Question 9

Define Nebula

Answer 9

A cloud of gas, ice, and dust.

Gravity and motion flatten the cloud into a disk.

Question 10

Define Protoplanets

Answer 10

Sun evolves in the disks center.

Matter accretes into planetesimals, then into protoplanets.

Question 11

Define Inner and outer planets

Answer 11

Inner Planets: four small, rocky, metal-rich planets

Outer Planets: four large, planets made mostly of gas

Question 12

What are the main 4 elements earth is made up of?

Answer 12

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, Magnesium

Question 13

Differentiation, Earths layers

Answer 13

Iron at earths core

Mantle: surrounds the core and a thin curst solidifies

Crust is made up of minerals, rocks, sediments and soil

Question 14

What are the 5 characteristics of minerals?

Answer 14

1. Naturally Occurring
   - Created by nature
2. Generally inorganic
   - No chains or rings of carbon atoms
3. Homogeneous
   - Composition and structure are constant throughout
4. Crystalline Solid
   - Atoms remain fixed within a recurring, orderly pattern.
5. Definable Composition
   - A well-established chemical formula

Question 15

What are the 3 characteristics of rocks?

Answer 15

1. Coherent
   - Holds itself together as a solid mass
2. Naturally Occurring
   - Formed only by geological processes
3. An aggregate of minerals
   - Many minerals are attached to one another

Question 16

What are Clastic rocks made from?

Answer 16

Made up of rock fragments that are cemented together

Question 17

What are Crystalline rocks made from?

Answer 17

Made up of minerals that are locked together.

Question 18

Define Magma

Answer 18

Molten rock beneath earths surface

Question 19

Define Lava

Answer 19

Molten rock on earths surface

Question 20

What is Igneous rock?

Answer 20

Igneous rock is the solidification of Lava or Magma

Question 21

How do cooling speed affect texture?

Answer 21

The faster the cool the finer the texture. And the slower the courser the texture.

Question 22

What is composition defined by?

Answer 22

Si0(sub2) content

Question 23

Define the types of weathering and what they do.

Answer 23

Physical Weathering: Breaks rock into smaller clasts

Chemical Weathering: Changes the chemical composition of rocks.

Question 24

What can weathering create? Think creation

Answer 24

Weathered rocks can create clay and soil.

Question 25

Sediment Comes in two forms, what are they?

Answer 25

1. Deposited and accumulated clasts. 2. Once dissolved minerals now precipitated out of water.

Question 26

What are Beds?

Answer 26

Successive layers of deposited sediments.

Question 27

Define Lithification

Answer 27

Clasts are compacted together and cemented together.

Question 28

Define compaction

Answer 28

Occurs as clasts are squeezed together

Question 29

Define Cementation

Answer 29

Occurs as minerals precipitate out between clasts.

Question 30

How are metamorphic rocks made?

Answer 30

From lots of pressure and heat

Question 31

What is the Lithosphere consist of?

Answer 31

The earths crust and upper mantle

Question 32

Where is the Asthenosphere?

Answer 32

Below the Lithosphere, it is relatively soft and able to flow

Question 33

Define Pangea

Answer 33

The original formation of land mass as one massive connected continent.

Question 34

What is an Active Continental Margin?

Answer 34

Are plate boundaries, and thus have earthquakes

Question 35

What is an Passive Continental Margin?

Answer 35

Are not plate boundaries, and thus do not have earthquakes

Question 36

What is an Passive Continental Margin?

Answer 36

Are not plate boundaries, and thus do not have earthquakes

Question 37

Name the 3 Types of Plate Boundaries and what they do

Answer 37

Divergent Boundaries: Lithospheric plates move away from each other Convergent Boundaries: Lithospheric plates move towards each other. Transform Boundaries: Lithospheric plates slide horizontally past each other.

Question 38

Define Down Going Plate

Answer 38

The plate that sinks

Question 39

Define Overriding Plate

Answer 39

The plate that does not sink

Question 40

Define Subduction

Answer 40

The process of an oceanic plate slipping beneath an overriding plate

Question 41

Define Deep sea trenches

Answer 41

Where an oceanic plate slides beneath another plate

Question 42

Define Island Arc

Answer 42

Forms when an ocean plate subducts beneath an ocean plate

Question 43

Define Continental Arc

Answer 43

Forms when an ocean plate subducts beneath a continental plate

Question 44

What happens when two plates collide?

Answer 44

They form a mountain belt (i.e. mountain ) this boundary is known as a suture

Question 45

What happens when the lithosphere breaks apart?

Answer 45

It forms Rift basins due to these faults.

Question 46

Slab-pull force

Answer 46

Subducting plates are dense, thus act like anchors. * Plates are dragged toward convergent boundaries.

Question 47

Ridge-push force

Answer 47

* Mid-ocean ridges are at a higher elevation than abyssal plains. * Gravity forces elevated ridge toward lower elevations.

Question 48

Asthenosphere convection

Answer 48

Convection currents drag at base of lithospheric plates.

Question 49

Define Uplift

Answer 49

When land elevation increases

Question 50

Define Subsidence

Answer 50

When land elevation decreases.

Question 51

Define Stress

Answer 51

A force applied over an area

Question 52

Define compression ,tension, and shear

Answer 52

Compression: squeeze a rock Tension: stretches rock Shear: adjacent rock moves parallel to plate boundary