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1410 Chap 1 - 4 > Chapter #4/ Slides #4 > Flashcards

Chapter #4/ Slides #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Volcano

A

A vent from which emerges underground material

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2
Q

Volcanic eruptions include

A

Molten rock and solid debris

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3
Q

Igneous activity includes

A

The production of migration of melt. The solidification of melt beneath the earth surface, and Eruption and solidification of melt on earths surface.

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4
Q

Volcanos and Eruptions are what classification of hazard/disaster

A

Volcanos: Natural Hazard
Eruptions: Can be natural disasters

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5
Q

Melting occurs in specific places according to?

A

Temperature, Pressure, and Chemical composition

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6
Q

Decompression melting locations are?

A

Mantle plumes
Tectonic rift zones
Beneath mid-ocean ridges

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7
Q

Decompression starts?

A

Initiates melting

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8
Q

As a mantle rock rises, what happens?

A

Pressure lowers drastically and temperature only changes slightly.

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9
Q

What are Volatiles?

A

They are compounds that evaporate easily, they come from subducting plates. Causes melting in overlying asthenosphere.

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10
Q

Magma and Lava compounds are ?

A

Oxides

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11
Q

Oxides are made of ?

A

Bonded metal and oxygen atoms

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12
Q

The four types of melts

A

Felsic (most silica)
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic (Least silica)

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13
Q

Which of the four types of melts has the highest viscocity?

A

Felsic

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14
Q

Which of the four types of melts has the highest % of silica

A

Felsic

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15
Q

Which of the four types of melts has the highest temperature?

A

Ultramafic

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16
Q

4 Factors that Determine melting composition

A

Source rock composition
Partial Melting
Fractional Crystallization
Assimilation of Wall rock

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17
Q

Viscosity

A

The melts resistance to flow, the higher the viscosity the slower the flow

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18
Q

The figure below shows victims of the 79 C.E. Pompeii volcanic
eruption. How were these victims discovered?

a) Geologists used seismic waves to image a buried Pompeii home, and
thus discovered the fossilized remains of victims.

b) Physicists used magnetic resonance imaging to see through volcanic
debris, then unearthed victims that had metamorphosed into rock.

c) Archeologists noticed open spaces in volcanic debris, filled one with
plaster, and then removed the surrounding debris.

d) Chemists measured high soil pH around Pompeii homes, and thus
looked for human remains in the form of calcified skeletal remains.

A

No answer was provided

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19
Q

What are the two reasons Magma rises?

A

It’s buoyant relative to surrounding rock.
Pressure squeezes it upwards.

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20
Q

Magma Chamber

A

An underground space containing a crystal mush, crystal mush contains melt and dispersed crystal grains.

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21
Q

Liquidus

A

The temperature when solidification begins

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22
Q

Solidus

A

The temperature when solidification is complete

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23
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Solidifies underground, EX: Dikes, Plutons, Sills

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24
Q

Dikes are?

A

Intrusive igneous rock, that is wall shaped, cuts through layers vertically

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25
Plutons are?
Intrusive igneous rock, that is blob-shaped
26
Sills are?
Magma is squeezed between existing rock layers. Horizontally
27
Extrusive igneous rock
Solidifies after coming out of a volcano, includes lava flows and pyroclastic debris
28
What are the igneous rock textures and how are they formed?
Glassy: Extremely fast cooling Coarse: Slow cooling Fine: Fast cooling
29
Pyroclastic
A fast hot moving flow of hot gas and volcanic matter that flows along the ground away from a volcano
30
Fragmental Texture occurs in two ways.
When hot pyroclastic debris weld together. When cooled pyroclastic debris is compacted and cemented.
31
Igneous Rock Composition
Classification is the same as magma. Felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic
32
What is the lightest Igneous rock, and the darkest?
Felsic rocks are lighter, mafic rockers are darker
33
How is Gabbro created?
Magma cooling slowly underground
34
How is Basalt created?
When magma cools rapidly on the seafloor
35
What is the Ring of Fire
Subaerial volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean
36
Where are Island Arc created?
on oceanic lithosphere
37
Where are Continental arcs created?
On the continental lithosphere
38
Flood Basalts
Rocks formed by vast mafic lava flows
39
Basalt Plateaus
Created from successive flood eruptions
40
Lava flow
The flowing molten lava, the layer of rock that forms after flow solidifies
41
What does felsic lava create?
High viscosity creates lava domes
42
Intermediate lava flows, and has?
Blocky flows with jumbled hot rocks
43
Mafic lava flows
Has a low viscosity, can flow across hundreds of meters and kilometers long.
44
Lava tubes
A lava rivers surface may crust over creating a tunnel
45
Lava Lakes
Lava may collect near vent, lakes may be hundreds of meters deep
46
Lava fountains
Lava squirts into air due to high pressure
47
Pāhoehoe lava flows
Slower moving, low volume, Crust creates smooth glassy rope like ridges
48
A‘ā lava flows
Faster moving, large volume , crust creates jumbled rubbly fragments
49
Pillow lava flows
Flows erupting underwater cool quickly, solidify into pillow shapes
50
Pyroclastic Debris
Made up of lava droplets, may solidify in mid air, ejected debris and broken rock from a vent
51
Ash
flakes of glass and rock
52
Lapilli
marble-sized debris
53
Cinders
lapilli formed from solidified lava clots
54
Blocks
Large, angular chunks
55
Volcanic bombs
blocks that become streamlined as they fall
56
Volcanic Edifices
A landform around a vent, created by solidified lava and pyroclastic debris
57
Summit
The edifice peak
58
Flanks
The side slopes of edifice
59
Throat (of a crater)
the conduit by which lava and gas reach earths surface. Topped by a crater
60
Craters
Bowl shaped holes
61
Calderas
Larger than craters and may occur on shield volcanoes
62
Eruptions occur from
a crater or flank vents or along fissures
63
Shield Volcano
Broad gently sloped domes, has low viscosity mafic lava flows a long distance before solidifying
64
Cinder Cones
Symmetrical cone shaped tephra piles, Tephra is ejected by lava fountains, may form on flanks of a larger volcano
65
Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes)
Cone shaped mountains of alternating lava and pyroclastic debris, steep sides are erupted rock, base is eroded.
66
Effusive Eruptions
Mafic lava fountains and flows, with very little pyroclastic debris. Occurs at first, hot spots, island arcs, and mid ocean ridges
67
Explosive eruptions
Energetic blasts forcing pyroclastic debris from vent. Occur when magma encounters water or contains trapped gas
68
Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Eject lava, water, steam, and pyroclastic debris
69
Phreatic eruptions
Eject only pyroclastic debris
70
Lahar
A muddy slurry of ash, melted snow, and rain
71
Strombolian Eruption
Slightly lower viscous magma traps gas bubbles. Temp blocks throat, produces lava fountains, lapilli, and scoria bombs
72
Vulcanian Eruption
Moderately viscous magma traps gas bubbles, lava domes block throat, so pressure increases. Produce large eruptions of lapilli, blocks and ash
73
Pliania Eruptions
Produced from stratovolcanoes, highly viscous intermediate an felsic lava that trapes gas
74
Ash harms
Breathing problems, destroy crops, break roofs, damage soil chemistry, break jet engines
75
Sulfurous Gases
Emitted from a volcano, poisonous and can kill you
76
Vog
Volcanic smog, made from sulfur emission
77
Laz
Lava haze, contains hydrochloric acid
78
Active volcano
erupting now or recently erupted
79
Dormant volcano
Has not erupted for decades or millennia
80
Extinct volcano
Will never erupt again due to geologic conditions
81
Short Term eruption predictions
Usually with days to months
82
Long term eruption predictions
predictions depend on RI
83
Name the Alert levels and colors
Green: Normal Yellow: Advisory Orange: Watch Red: Warning
84
How to redirect lava?
Levee/path way, and spraying freezing agents

1410 Chap 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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