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1410 Chap 1 - 4 > Chapter #3/ Slides #3 > Flashcards

Chapter #3/ Slides #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Seismicity

A

Earthquake Activity

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2
Q

Define Seismic waves

A

Vibrations generated by earthquakes

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3
Q

Define Seismology

A

Scientific study of eathquakes

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4
Q

Seismologists

A

Scientists who study earthquakes

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5
Q

Define Faults

A

Fractures in rocks

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6
Q

A sloping fault plane is classified within two names

A

Hanging wall and Footwall

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7
Q

Define hanging wall

A

The rock above the fault plate

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8
Q

Define foot wall

A

the rock below the fault plate

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9
Q

Define normal fault

A

The hanging wall moves down the fault plane relative to the foot wall

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10
Q

Define reverse fault

A

The hanging wall moves up the fault plane, relative to the footwall

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11
Q

Define a thrust fault

A

A reverse fault but with a gentle slope

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12
Q

Define strike-slip fault

A

Movement occurs parallel to the strike line

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13
Q

Define Elastic Deformation

A

When rocks can recover their shape after stress is removed

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14
Q

Define Elastic Rebound

A

When bent rock on both sides of a fault suddenly straighten out

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15
Q

Define Elastic-rebound theory

A

Seismic waves generated due to elastic rebound

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16
Q

Define Stick-slip behavior

A

The cycle of stress build-up and eventual slippage along a fault

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17
Q

Focus/Hypocenter

A

The location inside Earth where seismic waves begin

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18
Q

Epicenter

A

The point on earths surface directly above the focus (where earthquake begins)

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19
Q

Foreshocks

A

A cluster of small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

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20
Q

Mainshock

A

the largest earthquake of a sequence

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21
Q

Aftershocks

A

A cluster of small earthquakes following a main shock

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22
Q

What are foreshocks?

a) seismic waves originating from an epicenter

b) small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

c) the four largest earthquakes in a sequence

d) energy released due to vertical slip along a strike-slip fault

A

b) small earthquakes preceding a mainshock

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23
Q

What are body waves and list both

A

Travel through Earth’s interior. P-waves and S-waves

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24
Q

Surface waves, name both

A

Travel on Earth’s surface, slower than body waves

L-waves: Horizontal shearing motion, like a snake
R-waves: Vertical motion of rolling undulations

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25
Attenuation
Waves weaken with increasing distance from the focus. As energy spreads it cover more area.
26
Amplification
Waves slow down as they enter weaker rock. Slowing velocity causes wavelength to shrink but amplitude to grow
27
Reflection
Wave energy bounces away from boundary
28
Refraction
Wave energy crosses boundary and changes angle
29
Seismographs
A device that measures and records ground motion
30
Seismograms
The record of an earthquake produced by a seismograph
31
Arrival time
The instant when a seismic wave appears
32
What waves arrive first between P and S
P arrive first, while S arrive second
33
How does a seismograph work? a) The pen moves as the ground shakes. b) The frame moves as the ground shakes, but the weight and pen do not. c) The weight moves as the ground shakes, thus moving the pen. d) The frame, weight, and pen move as the ground shakes.
b) The frame moves as the ground shakes, but the weight and pen do not.
34
In order list the Adjectives that describe each magnitude of earthquake >8.0 7.0-7.9 6.0-6.9 5.0-5.9 4.0-4.9 <3.9
Great Major Strong Moderate Light Minor
35
Select the correct statement regarding the relationship between earthquake magnitude, ground motion amplitude, and released energy. a) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 10 times more ground motion amplitude and 32 times more released energy. b) An increase of 10 units of magnitude yields 10 times more ground motion amplitude and 10 times more released energy. c) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 2 times more ground motion amplitude and 12 times more released energy. d) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 50 times more ground motion amplitude and 1,000,000 times more released energy
a) An increase of 1 unit of magnitude yields 10 times more ground motion amplitude and 32 times more released energy.
36
Seismic belts
Are zones where earthquakes happen fairly often
37
Earthquakes are common at which plate boundaries?
Divergent Transform Convergent
38
Earthquakes that occur away from plate boundaries, list them
Rift zones Intraplate Earthquakes
39
What human activity induces earthquakes
Oil and gas wastewater injection wells
40
Divergent Boundary Seismicity
Mid-ocean divergent boundaries, both normal and transform faults, occur far from society. Often generate shallow earthquakes
41
Transform-Boundary Seismicity
Population centers near continental transform boundaries are unsafe. Shallow earthquakes are common
42
Convergent Boundary Seismicity
area generates megathrust earthquakes, shallow intermediate, and deep focus earthquakes are common. Large slip areas cause the mega thrust.
43
Wadati-Benioff Zone
A sloping band of seismicity tracing a subduction lithospheric plate. Includes shallow, intermediate, and deep-focus earthquakes
44
Intraplate Seismicity
Earthquakes occur along ancient, preexisting faults. Earthquakes here are usually shallow-focus.
45
Induced Seismicity
Humans changing water pressure beneath earths surface.
46
What does the map of Earth’s seismicity reveal? a) Most earthquakes occur within intraplate regions. b) Most earthquakes are a result of induced seismicity. c) Most earthquakes are classified in the megathrust category. d) Most earthquakes occur along distinct seismic belts.
d) Most earthquakes occur along distinct seismic belts.
47
Ground Rupture is caused by
Strike-slip faults
48
What Motion do P wave cause?
push the ground up and down
49
What Motion do S wave cause?
shear the ground side to side
50
What Motion do R wave cause?
make the ground undulate in waves
51
What Motion do L wave cause?
make the ground shimmy like a snake
52
PGA
Peak Ground Acceleration
53
Landslides
when soil and rock tumble or flow downslope
54
Liquefaction
Is when packed wet sand is shaken into a slurry. Building foundation sink into a slurry and topple over.
55
Resonance
The period at which a building sways at
56
Resonance disasters, what is it
When buildings resonant periods match with the grounds resonant period.
57
Tsunamis, how are they caused by earthquakes
Earthquakes along ocean plate boundaries can displace overlying ocean.
58
Disease, how can it be caused by earthquakes?
Rupturing water and sewer lines.
59
Define Short-term prediction, for earthquakes
hours or years are impossible to predict
60
Define long-term predictions for eathquakes
decades or centuries are possible to predict/estimate
61
Paleoseismicity
The geological record of prehistoric seismicity
62
Seismic gaps
Portion of an active fault with no major earthquakes for a long time
63
Fault creep
slow slippage instead of a sudden seismic pulse
64
What does GPS measue?
Measures crustal movement on either side of a fault.
65
What doe InSAR Measure
Measures vertical ground movement
66
Early Warning System
Transmit an earthquake occurrence and seismic waves are coming
67
Probabilistic earthquake hazard maps display?
Peak ground acceleration and gravity in reference in color
68
Alternative earthquake hazard maps display?
Estimated number of damaging earthquakes, colored relative to spatial extent
69
How do seismologists calculate an earthquake’s recurrence interval (RI)? a) by increasing an earthquake’s magnitude to the 32 power b) by dividing a specific time period by its number of earthquakes c) by adding up all the earthquakes that occurred within 10 years d) by multiplying the number of earthquakes and their MW
b) by dividing a specific time period by its number of earthquakes
70
List ways to prevent resonance on a building.
Base Isolation Shear Walls/Brace Frames Motion dampers/moving weight
71
Why would a city official in an earthquake-prone area pass a zoning regulation that prohibits construction in a reclaimed area of land that is primarily filled with sand? a) to make a future neighborhood safe from soil and rock landslides b) to prevent buildings from tipping over due to liquefaction c) to mitigate infrastructure damage caused when P-waves travel on Earth’s surface d) to ensure that emergency personnel and equipment are ready for a seismic event
b) to prevent buildings from tipping over due to liquefaction

1410 Chap 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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