Chapter 2 Summary

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that has mass or occupies space

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

Basic chemical unit of matter

Question 3

Element

Answer 3

Substance made of only one kind of atom

Question 4

Molecule

Answer 4

compound or composed of more than one kind of atom bonded together

Question 5

Atoms three basic subatomic particles

Answer 5

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Question 6

Bohr Models

Answer 6

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Question 7

Atomic Number

Answer 7

number of protons in an atom’s nucleus (identifies kind of element)

Question 8

Atomic weight

Answer 8

equal to the number of electrons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus (the number of electrons equals protons in a non-ionic atom

Question 9

Octet rule

Answer 9

an atom with 8 electrons in the outer energy level is inert

Question 10

Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons

Answer 10

in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability

Question 11

Isotopes

Answer 11

isotopes of an element contain the same number of protons but a different number of nuetrons

Question 12

Ions

Answer 12

Atoms (or molecules) with a charge.

H+. Ca++. OH- Cl-

Question 13

Ionic Bond

Answer 13

Formed by a transfer of electrons.

NaCl Sodium chloride= table salt

Question 14

Covalent Bond

Answer 14

formed by the sharing electrons (an electron pair)

Question 15

Inorganic Molecules

Answer 15

Do not contain C-C or C-H bonds. Examples: oxygen and carbon dioxide, water, electrolytes (ions), minerals

Question 16

Polarity

Answer 16

there are specific positive & negative charged areas around a water molecule molecule due to the position of the electrons (this allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds [weak bonds])

Question 17

Water is a great solvent

Answer 17

used for transportation and excretion

Question 18

Water has high specific head

Answer 18

it can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature, enables the body to maintain a relatively constant temperature

Question 19

water has aHigh heat of vaporization

Answer 19

water requires the absorption to significant amount of heat to to change it from a liquid to a gas, allows the body to dissipate excess heat by sweating

Question 20

waterIonizes easily

Answer 20

Water is a good buffer

minimizes pH changes in the body

Question 21

pH

Answer 21

measurement of hydrogen concentration in a solution (1-14. 7= neutral. 7 = Alkaline [or base] OH-.)

Question 22

H+

Answer 22

Hydrogen ion

Question 23

OH-

Answer 23

hydroxide ion

Question 24

Organic

Answer 24

Contain attacked functional groups, exhibit monomer/polymer relationshop, organic describles

Question 25

Monomers

Answer 25

single organic molecular unit. | can combine w other monomers to form polymers through dehydration synthesis

Question 26

Polymers

Answer 26

made of multiple monomers | can be broken down into monomers by hydrolosis

Question 27

Hydroxyl

Answer 27

| -C-O-H | (COH)

Question 28

Carboxyl

Answer 28

``` O -C// \ OH (COOH) ```

Question 29

Amino

Answer 29

``` H -N / \ H NH2 ```

Question 30

4 basic organic molecule categories

Answer 30

carbonhydrates, lipids, saturated, unsaturated

Question 31

Carbohydrates

Answer 31

monomer. sugars: "Simple." single or double ring structures, monosaccharides and disaccharides, ex: glucose, fructose, sucrose Starches: "Complex" -composed of long chains, of monosaccharides, Ex: Glycogin.

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

fats, oils and waxes not water soluble many are composed of fatty acids

Question 33

Saturated

Answer 33

-C chain carries an H at every available place, -C chain tends to be straight making the fat more dense (generally solid) H H H H | | | | O H-C-C-C-C-C// | | | | \ H H H H H

Question 34

Unsaturated

Answer 34

C Chain has double or triple bonds in one or more locations, Chains are bend, makin them less dense (generally liquid) H\ H O \ | // C=C-C=C-C / | | \ H H H OH

Question 35

Triglycerides (food)

Answer 35

composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 36

Phospholipids

Answer 36

composed of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and 1 phosphate group

Question 37

phosphate groups

Answer 37

ionics, negatively charged because they violate the octet rule

Question 38

Steroids

Answer 38

``` composed of R | (NH2)-C-(COOH) | H ```

Question 39

Proteins

Answer 39

composed of folded chains of amino acids. shape specific. form deterimines function. 2 basic roles: structural and functional.

Question 40

Peptide bond

Answer 40

carboxyl and amino acid(dehydration synthesis bonds polymers out of monomers) (nitrogen makes proteins necessary)

Question 41

Primary structure (amino acids)

Answer 41

chain

Question 42

Secondary structure (amino acids)

Answer 42

pleated sheet, beta sheet

Question 43

Tertiary structure

Answer 43

Alpha helix

Question 44

Quarterary structure

Answer 44

protein with polypeptides

Question 45

Denatured proteins

Answer 45

the unraveling of a normal protein

Question 46

Nucleic Acids

Answer 46

forms most genetic material (DNA, RNA) Composed of nucleotides. sugar, phophate group, nitrogenous base

Question 47

DNA

Answer 47

Double helix strand of nucleotides

Question 48

RNA

Answer 48

Single strand of nucleotides

Question 49

ATP

Answer 49

single modified nucleotide

Question 50

Properties of water

Answer 50

Polarity, water is a great solvent, water as a high specific heat, high heat of vapoization, ionizes easily