Chapter 2: The ship Flashcards

Question

Explain bale capacity

Answer 1

The usable volume of a ship’s hold for carrying packaged or baled cargo, excluding curved or inaccessible spaces. Always less than grain capacity. It is measured in cubic meters or cubic feet. EX: bagged rice, cotton bales (general cargo and multipurpose vessels)

Answer 2

TEU stands for Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit, which is the standard unit of measurement for containerized cargo capacity.

Answer 3

Lane meters -Lane Metres are a unit used to measure the vehicle-carrying capacity of Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off) ships and ferries. Helps calculate how many vehicles a Ro-Ro ship can carry. More practical than cubic meters for vehicles, since they roll on/off in lanes

Answer 4

DWT measures the total weight a ship can carry, including cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew. It's the difference between the ship's displacement when fully loaded (at its summer load line) and its lightweight (the weight of the empty ship). DWT is usually expressed in metric tons (tonnes). It indicates the ship's carrying capacity.

Answer 5

Deadweight All Told - is often used interchangeably with DWT. It represents the total weight the vessel can load, encompassing cargo, provisions, lubricants, and fuels. Essentially, when someone refers to DWT, they usually mean DWAT.

Answer 6

Deadweight Cargo or Carrying Capacity (DWCC) DWCC specifically measures the weight of cargo that a vessel can carry. Unlike DWT, which includes everything, DWCC focuses solely on the cargo. DWCC can vary depending on the amount of fuel, water, and other stores on board, whereas DWT for a given draft is constant.

Answer 7

The total weight of the ship, including its own structure and everything on board. Equal to the weight of water displaced by the hull (by Archimedes’ Principle).

Answer 8

The weight of the ship empty — without cargo, fuel, crew, provisions. Used for scrapping value and shipbuilding.

Answer 9

GT is a non-linear measure of a ship's overall internal volume. It's calculated based on the volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship. GT is used for various purposes, such as determining manning regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port dues. It is a unitless index, not a measure of weight.

Answer 10

NT is a measure of the volume of the cargo spaces of a ship. It is calculated from the gross tonnage by deducting the volume of spaces not used for cargo, such as crew quarters, navigation areas, and machinery spaces. NT is also a unitless index and is used for calculating port dues and other charges. A ship's net tonnage is generally no less than 30% of its gross tonnage.

Answer 11

Since October 1, 1994, Panama Canal tolls have been based on PC/UMS. PC/UMS is largely based on the International Tonnage Certificate (ITC) standards, meaning the tonnages stated on a Panama Canal Tonnage Certificate are often identical to those on the ITC certificates (except for container vessels, which are charged based on container-carrying capacity).

Answer 12

The Suez Canal uses a different system based on the older Moorsom system. It applies a multiplying factor to a figure derived somewhat similarly to the traditional Net Registered Tonnage (NRT). The Suez Canal Net Registered Tonnage (SCNRT) is thus different from the GT and NT figures on the ITC certificate, and a separate Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate is issued.

Answer 13

1. bulk carriers 2. tankers 3. general cargo ships

Answer 14

Crude oil tankers (Panamax, aframax, suezmax, VLCC, ULCC), product tanker, chemical tankers, parcel tanker, LNG, LPG

Answer 15

General purpose bulk carrier (handysize, handymax and supramax, panamax, capesize, very large bulk carrier), Ore carrier, Open-hatch bulk carrier, Self-discharging bulk carrier - most don't have double hulled tanks - single decked - machinery and accommodation aft - they have double bottom tanks for ballast water and bunkers

Answer 16

Multipurpose/heavy-lift ship, pure car (& truck) carrier (PCC&PCTC), specialised reefer ship, feeder container ship, old panamax, old post and super post panamax, neo panamax, post neo panamax, ultra large container vessel (ULCV) - most can either be geared or gearless (loading and discharging equipment installed) - more cargo carrying flexibility (they have Hopper-shaped tanks for grain) - can fix in most canals since they are not too la

Answer 17

The largest type of oil tanker. Typically ranges from 320,000 DWT (Deadweight Tonnage) and upwards. Primarily used for long-haul crude oil transport, often to very deep-water terminals. Due to their size, they have limitations on ports they can enter and waterways they can transit.

Answer 18

A very large oil tanker, smaller than a ULCC. Commonly used for long-haul crude oil transportation. Can access more ports than ULCCs but still require deep water. Typically ranges from 200,000 to 320,000 DWT. LOA: 330-340 meters breadth: 58meters Draught 20-21 metres DWT: 310,000 tonnes 14-15 knots is the service spees with fuel consumption of 50-55 tonnes per day

Answer 19

Suezmax vessels are a type of medium-sized oil tanker, which is bigger than an Aframax but smaller than a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC). In terms of specifications, Suezmax vessels typically measure: Length: 275 metres (902 feet) Width: 50 metres (164 feet) Draft: 17 metres (55 feet) Capacity: 160,000 dwt They were given the name Suzemax because they are the largest type of vessel that is able to pass through the Suez Canal. You are most likely to find a Suezmax being used to transport crude oil on a long-haul route, however they can also be used to handle other ‘dirty’ products, such as fuel oil and bunker oil.

Answer 20

Aframax vessels (Large Range 2 tanker) get their name from the Average Freight Rate Assessment (AFRA) system, designed by Shell Oil. Aframax ships are oil tankers with a capacity of under 120,000 deadweight tonnes with the following specifications: Length: 200 to 250 metres (656 to 820 feet) Width: 32 to 44 metres (105 to 144 feet) Draft: 12 to 16 metres (39 to 52 feet) Capacity: 80,000 to 120,000 dwt Smaller than Suezmax tankers, their size means they can carry up to 750,000 barrels of crude oil, compared to the 2 million barrels that larger tankers can. As such, Aframax ships are better suited to short- and medium-haul routes to / from ports which do not have the infrastructure for larger vessels (e.g. from the North Sea or the Black Sea to Europe or the US.)

Answer 21

The term ‘Panamax’ refers to a type of vessel which is of a size and specification specifically designed to pass through the Panama Canal. The maximum dimensions of Panamax vessels are set to ensure they can pass through the canal’s smallest lock. These are: Length: 294 metres (965 feet) Width: 32.3 metres (106 feet) Draft: 12 metres (39.5 feet) Capacity: 65,000 to 80,000 dwt Typically, Panamax vessels carry iron ore, grain, and coal.

Answer 22

Designed to carry refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc. Product tankers carry cargo that is intended for further use without refining. Generally smaller than crude oil tankers, ranging from around 10,000 to 75,000 DWT (can be further subdivided into Handysize, Handymax, MR - Medium Range, LR1 & LR2 - Long Range). Often have more sophisticated systems for handling different types of cargo.

Answer 23

Designed to carry a wide variety of liquid chemicals, which can be hazardous. Sizes vary significantly, from a few thousand DWT up to around 50,000 DWT or sometimes larger. Feature specialized tank coatings (e.g., stainless steel), sophisticated pumping and piping systems, and safety equipment to handle diverse and often corrosive cargoes.

Answer 24

This is not a type of tanker but can be reffered to a chemical or product tanker since liquid chemical and petroleum products are regularly carried in small parcel sized. Often considered a type of chemical tanker, specifically designed to carry many different liquid cargoes (chemicals, vegetable oils, etc.) simultaneously. Characterized by having a large number of separate tanks and complex piping systems to keep cargoes segregated. Sizes are typically in the range of 10,000 to 40,000 DWT.

Answer 25

Specialized tankers designed to transport LNG, which is natural gas cooled to a liquid state at cryogenic temperatures (~ -163°C). Sizes are often expressed in cubic meters (m^3) of cargo capacity rather than DWT. Typical sizes range from around 120,000 m^3 to over 260,000 m^3 Easily identifiable by their large, spherical (Moss type) or membrane-type cargo tanks.

Answer 26

Designed to transport LPG (primarily propane and butane) in liquid form, usually under pressure or refrigerated. Sizes vary widely, from small coastal vessels to larger ships around 60,000 to 85,000 m^3 capacity.

Answer 27

A crude oil tanker is designed with a focus on safely and efficiently transporting large volumes of liquid hydrocarbons. Key structural elements include: Hull: Modern crude oil tankers are predominantly double-hulled. This means they have two complete layers of watertight hull surface: an outer hull and an inner hull, separated by a void space. This design provides significant protection against oil spills in case of minor collisions or groundings. Older tankers were often single-hulled. Cargo Tanks: The internal space is divided into several cargo tanks using longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. A typical tanker might have 8 to 12 main cargo tanks, and each of these can be further divided into compartments (e.g., port, center, starboard) by centerline bulkheads. This compartmentalization enhances stability and allows for the carriage of different grades of crude oil or the management of sloshing forces. Pump Room: Located aft of the cargo tanks, the pump room houses the main cargo pumps used for loading and discharging the oil. It's a critical area with specific safety regulations due to the potential for flammable vapors. Engine Room and Accommodation: Typically located at the stern (aft) of the ship, these areas house the main propulsion machinery, power generation, and living quarters for the crew. Deck Area: The top of the ship features walkways, piping for cargo and ballast systems, and various equipment for mooring and navigation.

Answer 28

A cofferdam is an empty space or void compartment between two bulkheads. On a crude oil tanker, cofferdams are used as a safety measure to prevent the accidental mixing of different liquids, such as between cargo tanks and fuel oil tanks, or between cargo tanks and the engine room. They also provide access for inspection of the bulkheads. The pump room in a tanker can also be considered a type of cofferdam separating cargo tanks from the engine room.

Answer 29

Some crude oils, especially heavier grades, can become very viscous at lower temperatures, making them difficult to pump. Heating coils, which are networks of pipes typically located inside the cargo tanks, are used to heat the crude oil to reduce its viscosity and facilitate easier pumping during discharge. Hot oil or steam is circulated through these coils to transfer heat to the cargo.

Answer 30

The Inert Gas System (IGS) is a crucial safety feature on crude oil tankers. It pumps inert gas (gas with a low oxygen content, usually less than 5%) into the ullage spaces (the empty space above the liquid cargo) of the cargo tanks. This creates an atmosphere that is too oxygen-deficient to support combustion, significantly reducing the risk of fire or explosion from the flammable hydrocarbon vapors.

Answer 31

The Crude Oil Washing (COW) system is a method of cleaning the cargo tanks using the crude oil cargo itself. During or immediately after discharge, some of the crude oil is sprayed at high pressure through rotating nozzles inside the tanks. This washes away the remaining oil and sediment, which is then pumped out. COW reduces the amount of oil left in the tanks, minimizes the need for water washing (which can lead to oily ballast water), and helps with tank inspection.

Answer 32

The manifold is the connection point on the ship's deck where the ship's cargo pipelines connect to the shore-based loading and discharging facilities via flexible hoses or loading arms. It's a crucial interface during cargo operations. A tanker typically has manifolds on both the port and starboard sides to accommodate various terminal configurations.

Answer 33

Chinamax vessels get their name from their ability to move through the two main shipping routes between Asia and Europe (the Suez Canal and the Strait of Malacca). They were originally designed to transport goods between China and Brazil, however as more harbours have been developed with the infrastructure to handle Chinamax vessels, we are seeing their use expand to other routes and regions, including ports in Europe. As some of the largest vessels ever built and the world’s largest type of bulk carrier, Chinamax vessels are typically categorised as Very Large Ore Carriers (VLOC). The approximate specifications of a Chinamax ship are: Length: 360 metres (1,181 feet) Width: 65 metres (213 feet) Draft: 25 metres (82 feet) Capacity: up to 400,000 dwt Given their size, Chinamax vessels are crucial players in the maritime industry for transporting very large amounts of iron ore, coal, grain, and other raw materials. Importantly, despite their size, their design and advanced technology ensure they are efficient and environmentally friendly in terms of emissions and fuel consumption. Therefore, as global trade grows, we are seeing increased demand for Chinamax ships given their ability to move raw materials efficiently.

Answer 34

They have either Moss (spherical) or membrane type tanks that are separate and insulated from the ships hull to prevent the steel of the hull from becoming brittle because of the low temp required to keep the natural gas at -160 C.

Answer 35

Liquid petroleum gas - it is a by product of the refining process of crude oil and domestically it is used as propane and butane

Answer 36

Typically below 40,000 DWT (Deadweight Tonnage), often ranging from 15,000 to 35,000 DWT. These are versatile with good port accessibility and many are geared (have their own cranes) Typical DWT 28,000 with LOA 170m Service speed = 14 knots, 23 tonnes of fuel oil per day

Answer 37

Generally ranges from 40,000 to 50,000 DWT. Offers a larger cargo capacity than Handysize while still maintaining good port access. Many modern Handymax vessels are also geared. Typical DWT 45,000 with LOA 180 Service speed 15 knots, 30 tonnes of fuel oil a day

Answer 38

Typically between 50,000 and 60,000 DWT (some definitions extend to 65,000 DWT). Larger than Handymax, offering more cargo capacity and still able to access a broad range of ports. Often geared. Typical 55,000 DWT with LOA 190m 5 cargo holds and single deck, crane capacity of 25/35 tonnes

Answer 39

The largest size that could transit the original locks of the Panama Canal. For bulk carriers, this is typically in the range of 60,000 to 80,000 DWT. Dimensions were limited by the canal's lock size (length, beam, and draft). Typical DWT 70,000 with LOA 225m 7 cargo holds, single hull geared/gearless

Answer 40

These are the larger vessels that can transit the expanded Panama Canal locks, which opened in 2016. For bulk carriers, this generally means a DWT of around 80,000 to 120,000 DWT, with greater length, beam, and draft compared to the original Panamax. Typical 120,000 with LOA 266m

Answer 41

This term is a bit less strictly defined but generally refers to ships that are larger than the original Panamax but not quite as large as a full Capesize. They might be too large for the old Panama Canal but could potentially fit through the expanded locks (Neo-Panamax dimensions). Their DWT range is roughly 80,000 to 110,000 DWT. The "mini-Cape" suggests they share some operational characteristics with Capesize vessels but with slightly more flexibility in port access. - not usually geared - 7 holds

Answer 42

These are large bulk carriers, typically over 100,000 DWT, and often ranging up to around 200,000 DWT or more. They are too large to pass through either the original or the new Panama Canal and must travel "around the capes" (Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope). Primarily used for long-haul transport of iron ore and coal. - DWT 150,000 with LOA 290 - 9 cargo holds - gearless (depending on cargo loading and unloading on shore temrinal facilities)

Answer 43

These are the largest dry bulk carriers, often purpose-built for specific long-haul routes, especially for iron ore. They are typically over 200,000 DWT, with some VLOCs exceeding 300,000 or even 400,000 DWT. For ex: Chinamax is LOA 62 m - single slow speed diesel engine - consume 97 tonnes daily of fuel at a service speed of 14 knots - gearless (depends)

Answer 44

Built with a much stronger structure than general bulk carriers. Iron ore is very dense, so the weight is concentrated in a smaller volume. Ore carriers have reinforced double bottoms and longitudinal bulkheads to withstand the immense weight and potential impact of the heavy ore. Often have a large ballast capacity because they may spend a significant portion of their voyage in ballast, as they are often dedicated to specific trade routes (e.g., from mining regions to industrial centers) and might not carry cargo on the return journey. Ore carriers are usually gearless (without their own cranes) as they typically operate between specialized ports with dedicated loading and unloading facilities.

Answer 45

Open-Hatch Bulk Carrier (OHBC) is a specialized type of bulk carrier designed with cargo hatches that extend the full width of the vessel's hold. This "open hatch" design provides direct and unobstructed access to the cargo holds. The primary driver of demand is their suitability for forest products (like timber, pulp, and paper), steel products, and project cargo. The wide, unobstructed hatches allow for direct loading and unloading of these bulky or unitized goods, significantly reducing port turnaround times and handling costs compared to conventional bulk carrier - which is also why they are geared.

Answer 46

A self-discharging bulk carrier is a type of ship designed to unload its cargo without relying on shore-based equipment. It utilizes onboard cargo handling systems, typically conveyor belts and booms, to discharge the bulk material directly to a dock, barge, or the ground. This self-sufficiency is especially useful in locations with limited port infrastructure or where rapid cargo delivery is needed. i.e. Great Lakes of North America.

Chapter 2: The ship Flashcards

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