Chapter 3: Geography of trade Flashcards
(24 cards)
Main raw material transported globally
COGFOG:
Coal
Ores
Grain
Fertilisers
Oil
General Cargo
COAL: Export Countris
Australia
Indonesia
Russia
South Africa
United States
COAL: Import Countries
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
India
COAL: Export Countries PORTS
AU - Newcastle
Indonesia - Balikpapan
Russia - Vanino, Vostochny
United States - Norfolk, Virginia
South Africa - Richards Bay
COAL: Import Countries PORTS
China - Guangzhou, Qinhuangdao
Japan - Kobe,Yokohama
South Korea - Busan
Taiwan - Taichung Port
India - Mundra
COAL: Main routes + ship types
Australia - Asia
Indonesia - Asia
South Africa - Middle East/Asia/Europe
US - South America/Europe
Russia - Asia/Europe/MiddleEast
COAL: transport hazards
Two types of coal: thermal and coking. Coking is more chemically reactive, oxygen depleting, gas emission like methane which is combustible, thermally reactive, coking was liquefaction risk
IRON ORE: Export countries
Australia
Brasil
Canada
India
South Afria
IRON ORE: Import countries
China
Japan
South Korea
Germany
Taiwan
IRON ORE: Export countries PORTS
Australia - Port of Hedland, Dampier, Cape Lamert
Brasil - Ponta da Madeira, Port of Tubarao
Canada - Port of Sept-Iles, Port Cartier, Port of Quebec
India - Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Mormuga
South Africa - Port of Saldanha Bay
IRON ORE: Import countries PORTS
China: Caofeidian - busiest ore port
Japan: Kobe, Kashima, Kawasaki
South Korea: Busan, Incheon
Taiwan: Kaohsiun port, taichung port
Germany: Hamburg, Bremen/Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven
IRON ORE: Main routes + ships
Aus - East Asia
Brasil - China
Canada - Europe through Atlantic ocean or China through Panama canal
IRON ORE: transport hazards
Liquefaction, high density causing stress to hull, dust causing health hazards, cargo shift, corrosion
GRAIN: Export countries
United States
Brazil
Argentina
Russia
Ukraine (X)
Canada
Australia
GRAIN: Import countries
China
Egypt
Indonesia
Japan
Bangladesh
Turkey
South Korea
Europe
Mexico
GRAIN: Export countries PORTS
U.S: Port of New Orleans (Louisiana Gulf) – major bulk grain hub via Mississippi River
Brazil:
Port of Santos – Brazil’s largest port, major grain terminal
Paranaguá – known for efficient grain handling
Itaqui and Barcarena (Northern Arc ports) – improving access from central/northern Brazil
Argentina;
Rosario (Upstream on Paraná River) – main grain complex
Russia: Novorossiysk – main Black Sea port for wheat
Canada: Port of Vancouver – key for Asia-bound grain
Ukraine (subject to disruption): Odesa
Australia: Port Adelaide
GRAIN: Import countries PORTS
China: Guangzhou, Dalian
Egypt: Alexandria (heavy reliance on russian/ukrainian wheat)
Indonesia: Tanjung Priok (Jakarta)
Japan: Kobe, Yokohama,
China (North American grain dependant)
Bangladesh: Chittagong (population growth)
Turkey: Izmir, Istanbul, Mersin: hub for Black Sea and Middle Eastern markets
South Korea: Busan, Incheon, Ulsan
Mexico: Veracruz, Altamira (U.S)
GRAIN: Main trade routes + ships
United States → Asia (China, Japan, South Korea)
Brazil → China & Southeast Asia
Russia → Middle East, Africa & Southeast Asia
Ukraine → Middle East, North Africa, EU
Canada → Asia (China, Japan, South Korea)
Argentina → Asia & North Africa
GRAIN: Hazards in transporting it
Cargo Shift & Stability Issues:
Grain is a free-flowing bulk cargo. In heavy seas, the cargo can shift, affecting the ship’s stability, potentially leading to capsizing.
Proper trimming of grain to level it out in holds
High loading (minimize void space)
Use of shifting boards or feeders to restrict movement
Compliance with the International Grain Code (part of SOLAS)
Moisture+Spoilage: Moisture in the cargo can lead to mould growth, fermentation, and cargo spoilage.
Self Heating/Fermentation: Some grains (e.g. soybeans, corn) can self-heat due to microbial activity, leading to fire risk or gas build-up
Mitigation:
Load clean, dry grain
Regular temperature checks during voyage
Avoid loading grain that’s been stored improperly
OIL: Export countries
Saudi Arabia
Russia
Iraq
Nigeria
U.S.A
Brazil
Venezuela
Kuwait
Norway
OIL: Export PORTS
Saudi Arabia” Ras Tanura
Russia :Novorossysk
Kuwait:Mina Al-Ahmadi, Mina Abdullah
USA: Corpus Christi, Houston
Venezuela: Puerto José, Puerto La Cruz
Norway: Mongstad, Sture, Kårstø
Brazil: Angra dos Reis, São Sebastião, Port of Açu
Nigeria: Bonny, Forcados, Qua Iboe
UAE: Fujairah
Iraq - ABOT
OIL: trade routes and ship types
OIL: hazards of transporting it
. Fire & Explosion Risk
Cause: Crude oil vapors are flammable
Mitigation:
Use of inert gas systems (IGS) to displace oxygen in tanks
Explosion-proof equipment
Strict hot work permit systems
Oil Spills
Cause: Hull damage, grounding, collision, or transfer failure
Mitigation:
Double-hull construction
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emissions
Cause: Evaporation from oil during transit
Mitigation:
Use of VOCs control systems
