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Abnormal Child Psychology > Chapter 2- Theories and Causes > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Theories and Causes Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Children’s problems must be considered in relation to ___

A

multiple levels of influence - individual, family, community, and culture

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2
Q

what are 6 causes of a child’s behavior

A

Biological influences
Emotional influences
Behavioral and cognitive influences
Family
cultural
ethnic

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3
Q

Defining child abnormality involves- 2

A

The context of children’s ongoing adaptation and development
Sorting out the causes of identified problems

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4
Q

abnormal behavior studies require an understanding of ____

A

development and individual events that can impact a child’s life

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5
Q

what is a theory

A

language of science that allows us to assemble and communicate existing knowledge effectively

allows us to make educated guesses and predictions about behavior

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6
Q

what is etiology

A

the study of the causes of childhood disorders

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7
Q

etiology considers how ___, ___ and ___ processes interact to produce outcomes over time

A

biological, psychological, and environmental

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8
Q

what is the Developmental Psychopathology Perspective and what does it emphasize

A

approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond in a manner that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

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9
Q

Abnormal development is ___

A

multiply determined- must look beyond current symptoms

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10
Q

what is the transactional view

A

Children and environments are interdependent, have a dynamic interaction

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11
Q

abnormal behavior involves ____ and ___

A

continuities and discontinuities

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12
Q

what is Continuity

A

developmental changes are gradual and quantitative; predictive of future behavior patterns (expressed as amounts that can be measured numerically, such as weight and height changes)

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13
Q

what is Discontinuity

A

developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative; not predictive of future behavior patterns (expressed as qualities that cannot be measured numerically, such as changes in mood or expression)

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14
Q

what is a Developmental Cascade

A

the process by which a child’s previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter his or her course of development, somewhat like a chain reaction

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15
Q

what is adaptational failure

A

unsuccessful progress in developmental milestones

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16
Q

Children with psychological disorders differ from ____

A

their peers in some aspect of normal development

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17
Q

___ and ___ are fundamental aspects of biological and behavioral systems

A

change and reorganization

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18
Q

Early patterns of adaptation evolve with ____

A

structure over time
Ex. infant eye contact and speech sounds to speech and language

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19
Q

what are sensitive periods

A

times during which environmental influences on development are enhanced

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20
Q

what are infants highly sensitive to

A

emotional cues and proximity to their caregivers, which assists them in developing secure attachments

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21
Q

what are toddlers highly sensitive to

A

basic sounds of language, which helps them distinguish sounds and combine them to form words

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22
Q

what is that neurological perspective

A

The brain is seen as the underlying cause of psychological disorders
The fetal brain develops from all-purpose cells into a complex organ

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23
Q

what is neural plasticity

A

the brain’s anatomical differentiation is use-dependent
nature and nurture both contribute

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24
Q

what plays a critical role in brain development
examples

A

Experience
prenatal environment; childhood illness and diet; and early caregiving, including maltreatment, inadequate stimulation, and attachment

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25
when do the areas governing basic sensory and motor skills mature
during the first 3 years of life
26
___ and ___ centers are strongly affected by early childhood experiences
Perceptual and instinctive
27
what parts of the brain are rewired around 5-7 years old
Prefrontal cortex and cerebellum
28
Major restructuring occurs from ages 9 to 11 due to _____ and again in adolescence
pubertal development
29
Problems occurring at a younger age are associated with
more severe organic disorders and complications
30
____ are important in reducing the risk of complications and lifelong disabilities
safeguards
31
examples of safeguards- 3
proper prenatal care, proper nutrition, and avoidance of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy
32
Genetic influences may be expressed ___ or ___
early in development or show up years later
33
what does behavioral genetics investigate
connections between genetic predisposition and observed behavior
34
what are molecular genetics used for
to identify specific genes for childhood disorders
35
what is the long term goal for molecular genetics
to determine how genetic mutations alter how genes function
36
most forms of abnormal behavior are
polygenic
37
the brain stem handles most of the
autonomic functions necessary to stay alive
38
what does the hind brain do
provides regulation of autonomic activities
39
what makes up the hindbrain?
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
40
what does the midbrain coordinate
movement with sensory input; contains reticular activating system
41
what does the forebrain contain
thalamus and hypothalamus
42
what does the forebrain regulate
behavior and emotion, endocrine system
43
what does the limbic system regulate
emotional experiences and expressions; plays a significant role in learning and impulse control Regulates basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst
44
what does the limbic system regulate
emotional experiences and expressions; plays a significant role in learning and impulse control Regulates basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst
45
what does the basal ganglia regulate, organize and filter
information related to cognition, emotions, mood and motor function
46
what is the basal ganglia associated with
ADHD, motor behaviors (e.g., tics and tremors) OCD
47
what is the largest part of the forebrain
cerebral cortex
48
what does the cerebral cortex do
Allows us to plan, reason, and create
49
what is the endocrine system link to
anxiety and mood disorders
50
what type of drugs are used in treatments
Psychoactive
51
what plays a role in establishing an infants ability to adapt to new surroundings
emotions
52
Emotions and affective expression are -3
core elements of human psychological experience central feature of infant activity and regulation important for internal monitoring and guidance
53
what is emotion reactivity
individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience
54
what does emotion regulation involve
enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal
55
what is temperament and what does it shape
an organized style of behavior that appears early in development Shapes an individual’s approach to his or her environment and vice versa
56
what are the 3 primary dimensions
Positive affect and approach (easy child) Fearful or inhibited (slow-to warm-up child) Negative affect or irritability (difficult child)
57
Early infant temperament may be linked to
psychopathology or risk conditions
58
what is self-regulation
balance between emotional reactivity and self-control
59
what is ABA
Applied Behavior Analysis
60
what does ABA explain
behavior as a function of its antecedents and consequences
61
what are the 4 primary operant learning principles
Positive and negative reinforcement extinction punishment
62
what is classical conditioning
Involves paired associations between previously neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimuli
63
____ relates to how children think about themselves and others
social cognition
64
what ate the social and environmental contexts
Proximal (close by) events distal (further removed) events
65
what are shared environments
environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family
66
what are non-shared environments
environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings in the same family
67
what is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
The child’s environment is a series of nested and interconnected structures with the child at the center
68
what is attachment
process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individuals
69
when does the attachment process begin
between 6-12 months of age Provides infants with a secure, consistent base
70
what are the 4 patterns of attachment
Secure Insecure – anxious-avoidant Insecure – anxious-resistant Disorganized, disoriented (not an organized strategy)
71
____ attachments are implicated in a number of childhood disorders
insecure
72
How the family deals with typical and atypical stress is
crucial to a child’s adjustment and adaptation
73
The outcome of stressful events depends on
The nature and severity of stress the level of family functioning prior to the stress the family’s coping skills and resources

Abnormal Child Psychology (7 decks)

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