Chapter 5- Intellectual Disability

Question 1

how were children and adults with intellectual disabilities treated prior to mid-19th century

Answer 1

ignored or feared even by the medical profession

Question 2

what institution was open in the mid-19th century

Answer 2

Samuel G. Howe opened the first humanitarian institution in North America

Became Perkins School for the Blind

Question 3

by the 1940’s parents ____

Answer 3

increased humane care for their children

Question 4

what is an Intellectual disability

Answer 4

a significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior which begins before age 18

Question 5

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1900s) commissioned by ____

Answer 5

the French government to identify schoolchildren who might need special help in school

Question 6

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed the

Answer 6

first intelligence tests

Question 7

the first intelligence tests measured ___ and were published ____

Answer 7

Measure judgment and reasoning of school children (Stanford-Binet scale)

Published in 1916 by Lewis Terman

Question 8

General intellectual functioning is now defined by an

Answer 8

intelligence quotient (IQ or equivalent)

Question 9

Intellectual Disability is no longer defined on the basis of

Answer 9

IQ alone

Question 10

adaptive functioning is

Answer 10

how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently

Question 11

IQ is relatively stable over time except ____

Answer 11

when measured in young, normally-developing infants

Question 12

mental ability is always modified by ____

Answer 12

experience

Question 13

what is the Flynn Effect

Answer 13

the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen about three points per decade

Question 14

DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of intellectual disabilities -3

Answer 14

1) Deficits in intellectual functioning

2) Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning

3) Below-average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident prior to age 18

Question 15

Severity Level: Mild has about ___% of persons with ID

Answer 15

85

Question 16

Mild severity level is not typically identified until ____

Answer 16

early elementary years

Question 17

Mild severity level has an overrepresentation of

Answer 17

minority group members

Question 18

what are the 2 goals of treatment for mild severity level

Answer 18

1) Develop social and communication skills

2) Live successfully in the community as adults with appropriate supports

Question 19

Severity level Moderate is about ___% of people with ID

Answer 19

10

Question 20

Severity level Moderate is usually identified during ____ and applies to many people with ___

Answer 20

preschool years

Down syndrome

Question 21

severity level moderate can benefit from ___ and can perform ___

Answer 21

vocational training

supervised unskilled or semiskilled work in adulthood

Question 22

severity level severe is about ___% of people with ID

Answer 22

3-4%

Question 23

severity level severe is often associated with ____

Answer 23

organic causes

Question 24

severity level severe is usually identified at ____

Answer 24

a very young age

Question 25

delays in ___ and ___ occur in severity level severe

Answer 25

developmental milestones and visible physical features are seen

Question 26

severity level severe can live in ___ and need ____

Answer 26

group homes or with their families special assistance throughout their lives

Question 27

severity level profound makes up about ___% of people with ID

Answer 27

1-2%

Question 28

severity level profound is identified ____

Answer 28

in infancy due to marked delays in development and biological anomalies

Question 29

severity level profound learn only the ____

Answer 29

rudimentary communication skills

Question 30

severity level profound require intensive training for -4

Answer 30

Eating, grooming, toileting, and dressing behaviors require lifelong care and assistance

Question 31

ID prevalence is approximately ___% of total population

Answer 31

1-3%

Question 32

there are twice as many ___ as ____ mong those with mild cases

Answer 32

males as females

Question 33

ID is more prevalent among children of ____ and children form ____

Answer 33

lower SES, minority groups

Question 34

what is the developmental vs. difference controversy

Answer 34

Do all children (ID or not) progress through the same developmental milestones in a similar sequence, but at different rates?

Question 35

what are the 2 views of the developmental position

Answer 35

Similar sequence hypothesis Similar structure hypothesis

Question 36

what is the Similar structure hypothesis

Answer 36

when ID child are matched with NT child on mental age, then cognitive processes and performance similar

Question 37

what is the Similar sequence hypothesis

Answer 37

propose same order, only different rate and upper limit

Question 38

many children with mild ID are often susceptible to feelings of ___ and ___ in their ___ environments

Answer 38

helplessness frustration learning

Question 39

___ scores can fluctuate in relation to the level of ___

Answer 39

IQ impairment

Question 40

what is the "slowing and stability hypothesis"

Answer 40

IQ of children with Down syndrome may plateau during middle childhood, then decrease over time

Question 41

characteristics displayed with down syndrome

Answer 41

Fewer signals of distress or desire for proximity with primary caregiver - Strange Situation (Ainsworth) Delayed, but positive, development of self-recognition Delayed and aberrant functioning in internal state language – i.e. I am happy or I am mad Deficits in social skills and social-cognitive ability; can lead to rejection by peers

Question 42

the rate of emotional and behavioral problems are ___ times greater for people with down syndrome than in typially developing children

Answer 42

3 to 7

Question 43

emotional and behaviour problems are greater with people with DS because of

Answer 43

limited communication skills, additional stressors, and neurological deficits

Question 44

most common psychiatric diagnoses for DS

Answer 44

Impulse control disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders

Question 45

Self injurious behavior affects about

Answer 45

8% of persons across all ages and levels of ID

Question 46

Prevalence of chronic health conditions in ID population is much ___ than in the general population

Answer 46

higher

Question 47

Life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome is now approaching ___ years

Answer 47

60

Question 48

Cognitive decline typical after ___ for people with DS

Answer 48

40

Question 49

Congenital Anomalies – Prenatal: -2 Perinatal: -2

Answer 49

Prenatal: genetic disorders and accidents in the womb Perinatal: prematurity and anoxia

Question 50

Occurring After Birth - Postnatal: -2

Answer 50

meningitis and head trauma

Question 51

what is the 2-group approach

Answer 51

organic group and cultural-familial group

Question 52

organic group

Answer 52

there is a clear biological basis Associated with severe and profound ID

Question 53

cultural-familial group

Answer 53

there is no clear organic basis Associated with mild ID

Question 54

4 major categories of risk factors

Answer 54

Biomedical – Genetic and other congenital Social – lower SES Behavioral – abuse and neglect Educational – Parental and child

Question 55

genetic influences are potentially modifiable by the ___

Answer 55

environment

Question 56

what is a genotype

Answer 56

a collection of genes that pertain to intelligence

Question 57

what is a phenotype

Answer 57

the expression of the genotype in the environment (gene-environment interaction)

Question 58

_____ describes the proportion of the variation of a trait attributable to genetic influences in the population Ranges from ____ The heritability of intelligence is about ___%

Answer 58

Heritability Ranges from 0% to 100% The heritability of intelligence is about 50%

Question 59

how does Down syndrome happen

Answer 59

usually the result of failure of the 21st pair of the mother’s chromosomes to separate during meiosis ► causes an additional chromosome Aka Trisomy 21

Question 60

____ syndrome is the most common cause of inherited ID

Answer 60

Fragile-X

Question 61

Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are both associated with _____

Answer 61

abnormality of chromosome 15

Question 62

inborn errors of metabolism are caused by

Answer 62

Single-gene conditions Excesses or shortages of certain chemicals which are necessary during developmental stages

Question 63

Phenylketonuria (PKU) results in lack of

Answer 63

liver enzymes necessary to metabolize phenylalanine Heel prick at birth Can be treated successfully

Question 64

examples of Adverse biological conditions

Answer 64

infections, traumas, and accidental poisonings during infancy and childhood

Question 65

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Answer 65

Estimated to occur in one-half to two per 1000 live births

Question 66

____ increase risk of ID

Answer 66

teratogens example: mercury in fish or drinking water

Question 67

___ and ___ dimensions are the least understood and most diverse factors causing ID

Answer 67

social and psychological

Question 68

____ influences and other mental disorders account for ___% of ID

Answer 68

environmental 15-20%

Question 69

Child’s overall adjustment is a function of: -6

Answer 69

Parental participation, family resources, social supports, level of intellectual functioning, basic temperament, and other specific deficits

Question 70

Treatment involves a Considers childrens

Answer 70

multi-component, integrated strategy needs within the context of their individual development, their family and institutional setting, and their community

Question 71

Psychosocial Treatments for ID

Answer 71

Early intervention

Question 72

Early intervention is one of the

Answer 72

most promising methods for enhancing the intellectual and social skills of young children with developmental disabilities

Question 73

____ project provides enriched environments from early infancy through preschool years

Answer 73

Carolina Abecedarian Project

Question 74

optimal timing for intervention is during ____ years

Answer 74

preschool

Question 75

behavioral approaches were initially seen as a

Answer 75

means to control or redirect negative behaviors

Question 76

Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) Task Force advocates that:

Answer 76

Each individual has the right to the least restrictive effective treatment and the right to treatment that results in safe and meaningful behavior change

Question 77

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-3

Answer 77

Self-instructional training and metacognitive training Verbal instructional techniques Teaching the child to be strategical and metastrategical

Question 78

Family-Oriented Strategies Help families cope with

Answer 78

the demands of raising a child with ID

Question 79

the ___ movement integrates individuals with disabilities into regular classroom settings Curriculum is adapted to individual needs

Answer 79

inclusion