Chapter 6- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Question 1

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a

Answer 1

complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behavior, language and communication skills, and unusual behaviors and interests

Question 2

Kanner (1943) coined the term ____

Answer 2

“early infantile autism” to describe young children with autistic symptoms

Question 3

Asperger (1944) defined a milder form of autism

Answer 3

Asperger disorder

Question 4

Autism is a

Answer 4

biologically-based lifelong neurodevelopmental disability present in the first few years of life

Question 5

DSM-5 Defining Features of ASD -3

Answer 5

Impairments in social interaction

Impairments in communication

Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities

Question 6

Three factors contribute to the spectrum nature of autism

Answer 6

Children with autism may differ in level of intellectual ability, from profound disability to above-average intelligence

Children with autism vary in the severity of their language problems

The behavior of children with autism changes with age

Question 7

Core Deficits of ASD -3

These aspects of development are

Answer 7

Social-emotional development
Language development
Cognitive development

interconnected

Question 8

people with ASD have deficits in ___ and unusual ___

Answer 8

social and emotional reciprocity

non verbal behaviors

Question 9

One of the first signs of language impairment is

Answer 9

inconsistent use of early preverbal communications

Question 10

Use ___ gestures rather than protodeclarative gestures

Answer 10

protoimperative

Question 11

about ___% of people with ASD do not develop any useful language

Answer 11

50%

Question 12

kids with ASD who begin to speak may regress between

Answer 12

12-30 months

Question 13

Children with ASD who develop language usually do so

Answer 13

before age 5

Question 14

what are 4 qualitative language impairments

Answer 14

Pronoun reversals
Echolalia
Perseverative speech
Impairments in pragmatics

Question 15

what are the stereotyped body movements for people with ASD

Answer 15

Repetitive sensory and motor behaviors
Insistence on sameness behaviors

Question 16

what are the 3 theories about self-stimulatory behavior

Answer 16

A craving for stimulation to excite their nervous system
A way of blocking out and controlling unwanted stimulation from environment that is too stimulating
Maintained by sensory reinforcement it provides

Question 17

About __% of autistic children with autism have co-occurring intellectual impairment

Answer 17

70

Question 18

A common pattern is ___ verbal scores and ____ nonverbal scores

Answer 18

low
high

Question 19

__% (autistic savants) display isolated and remarkable talents

Answer 19

5

Question 20

Deficits in ____ information

Answer 20

processing social-emotional

Question 21

Deficit in ____ - difficulty understanding others’ and their own mental states

Answer 21

mentalization or theory of mind (ToM)

Question 22

General Deficits for people with ASD

Answer 22

Executive functions (higher-order planning and regulatory behaviors)

Weak drive for central coherence (strong human tendency to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way to account for broader context)

Question 23

About ___% of children with ASD have a coexisting medical condition like -4

Answer 23

10

Motor and sensory impairments, seizures, immunological and metabolic abnormalities

Question 24

Sleep disturbances occur in ___%
Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in ___%

Answer 24

65
50

Question 25

about __% have a significantly larger-than-normal head size—more common in those who are higher functioning

Answer 25

20

Question 26

Two most common accompanying disorders to ASD

Answer 26

Intellectual disability Epilepsy

Question 27

Age of onset for ASD

Answer 27

Most often identified by parents in the months preceding child’s second birthday Diagnosis is made in preschool period or later

Question 28

Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism One ___ or more individuals in the United States

Answer 28

100 million

Question 29

Worldwide: ___ children per 10,000 may suffer from some form of autism One ___ or more individuals in the United States

Answer 29

100 million

Question 30

It is now generally accepted that autism is a ____ with multiple causes

Answer 30

biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 31

Children with ASD experience more health problems during ____

Answer 31

pregnancy, at birth, or immediately following birth

Question 32

___% of siblings of individuals with ASD have the disorder

Answer 32

15-20

Question 33

Brain Abnormalities – Biological Findings

Answer 33

Decreased blood flow in the frontal and temporal lobes Atypical patterns of connectivity in default mode network

Question 34

There are about __ different “treatments” for ASD There is no known cure

Answer 34

400

Question 35

Treatment goals for ASD -3

Answer 35

Minimize core problems Maximize independence and quality of life Help the child and family cope more effectively with the disorder

Question 36

Initial stages focus on ___

Answer 36

building rapport and teaching learning-readiness skills

Question 37

Many children with ASD receive ____

Answer 37

psychotropic medications

Question 38

Schizophrenia is a ___

Answer 38

neurodevelopmental disorder of the brain - expressed in abnormal mental functions and disturbed behavior

Question 39

Schizophrenia is characterized by

Answer 39

severe psychotic symptoms bizarre delusions, hallucinations, thought disturbances, grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, extremely inappropriate or flat affect, and significant deterioration or impairment in functioning

Question 40

COS is a ____ form of schizophrenia

Answer 40

rarer and possibly more severe (not distinct)

Question 41

Key features of COS -4

Answer 41

Occurs during childhood Has a gradual, rather than sudden onset Is likely to persist into adolescence and adulthood Has profound negative impact on developing social and academic competence

Question 42

DSM-5 Positive symptoms

Answer 42

delusions Hallucinations most common for children are auditory - occur in 80% of cases with onset prior to age 11 40 to 60% experience visual hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder

Question 43

DSM-5 negative symptoms

Answer 43

Slowed thinking, speech, movement; emotional apathy; and lack of drive

Question 44

Almost __% have history of behavioral, social, and psychiatric disturbances before onset of psychosis

Answer 44

95

Question 45

__% meet criteria for another diagnosis - most commonly mood disorder or ODD/CD

Answer 45

70

Question 46

COS Extremely rare in children ___

Answer 46

under age 12

Question 47

Dramatic ___ in adolescence, with a modal (typical) age of onset around ___ years of age

Answer 47

increase 22

Question 48

Estimated prevalence is less than ___ per 10,000 children

Answer 48

1

Question 49

COS has an earlier age of onset in ___ by two to four years

Answer 49

boys

Question 50

causes of COS- Neurodevelopmental model

Answer 50

Defective neural circuitry increases a child’s vulnerability to stress

Question 51

causes of COS- biological factors

Answer 51

Strong genetic contribution Molecular genetic studies have identified several potential susceptibility genes

Question 52

causes of COS- environmental factors

Answer 52

Familial disorder and nongenetic factors may play a role through interaction with a genetic susceptibility

Question 53

____often experienced by families of children with schizophrenia

Answer 53

Stress, distress, and personal tragedy

Question 54

COS is a ___ disorder with a poor long-term prognosis

Answer 54

chronic

Question 55

Current treatments emphasize -3

Answer 55

Current treatments emphasize use of antipsychotic medications combined with psychotherapy and social and educational support programs

Question 56

Medications help control ____

Answer 56

psychotic symptoms There can be serious side effects E.g. Tardive Dyskinesia