CHAPTER 2: TYPES OF STUDIES

Question 1

One of the most
common methods is through the use of

Answer 1

surveys.

Question 2

can be collected in a variety of ways.

Answer 2

Data

Question 3

Three of the most common methods of survey

Answer 3

telephone survey

mailed questionnaire

personal interview

Question 4

4 examples of research sampling

Answer 4

sampling of individuals
sample of institutions
sampling of communities
sampling of non-human populations

Question 5

3 reasons for sampling

Answer 5

measuring or testing something
not all units in the population can be identified
limitations of resources

Question 6

5 advantages of sampling

Answer 6

• cheaper
• faster
• better quality of information
• more comprehensive data
• only possible method when teh procedure is destructive

Question 7

4 considerations for sampling

Answer 7

• objectives of the research
• nature of the problem to be investigated
• time constraints
• availability of financial resources

Question 8

4 Basic methods of sampling:

Answer 8

random

systematic

stratified

cluster

Question 9

is a sample in which all members of the
population have an equal chance of being selected.

Answer 9

random sample

Question 10

is a sample obtained by selecting every kth
member of the population where k is a counting number.

Answer 10

systematic sample

Question 11

is a sample obtained by dividing the
population into subgroups or strata according to some characteristic relevant to the study.

Answer 11

stratified sample

Question 12

(There can be several
subgroups.)

Answer 12

stratified sample

Question 13

Then subjects are selected from each subgroup.

Answer 13

stratified sample

Question 14

is obtained by dividing the population into
sections or clusters and then selecting one or more clusters and
using all members in the cluster(s) as the members of the
sample.

Answer 14

cluster sample

Question 15

the researcher uses subjects who are
convenient.

Answer 15

Convenience sample

Question 16

the respondents decide for themselves if they wish to be included in the sample.

Answer 16

Volunteer sample or self-selected sample

Question 17

also known as judgement sampling,

Answer 17

Purposive sampling

Question 18

involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.

Answer 18

Purposive sampling

Question 19

if the population is hard to access,
snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other participants.

Answer 19

Snowball sampling

Question 20

7 stages of the sampling process

Answer 20

• define the population
• specify the sampling frame
• specify the sampling unit
• select the sampling method
• determine the sample size
• specify the sampling plan
• select the sample

Question 21

is the difference between the results
obtained from a sample and the results obtained from the
population from which the sample was selected.

Answer 21

Sampling error

Question 22

occurs when the data are obtained
erroneously or the sample is biased, i.e., nonrepresentative.

Answer 22

non sampling error

Question 23

it is when the researcher merely observes
what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to
draw conclusions based on these observations.

Answer 23

observational study

Question 24

three main types of observational studies.

Answer 24

cross-sectional study.
retrospective study.
longitudinal study.

Question 25

When all the data are collected at one time, the study is called

Answer 25

cross-sectional study.

Question 26

When the data are collected using records obtained from the past, the study is called a

Answer 26

retrospective study

Question 27

if the data are collected over a period of time, say, past and present, the study is called a

Answer 27

longitudinal study

Question 28

it is when the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.

Answer 28

experimental study

Question 29

When random assignment is not possible, researchers use

Answer 29

intact groups

Question 30

These types of studies are done quite often in education where already intact groups are available in the form of existing classrooms.

Answer 30

quasi-experimental study.

Question 31

in an experimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 31

independent variable

Question 32

independent variable is also called the

Answer 32

explanatory variable

Question 33

The resultant variable is called the

Answer 33

dependent variable

Question 34

also known as outcome variable, or the response variable

Answer 34

dependent variable

Question 35

is the variable that is studied to see if it has changed significantly because of the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 35

dependent/outcome variable

Question 36

3 Experimental studies advantages:

Answer 36

the researcher can decide how to select subjects how to assign them to specific groups control or manipulate the independent variable

Question 37

3 Experimental studies disadvantages:

Answer 37

they may occur in unnatural settings the results might not apply to the natural setting Hawthorne effect

Question 38

it is when the subjects who knew they were participating in an experiment actually changed their behavior in ways that affected the results of the study.

Answer 38

Hawthorne effect

Question 39

is one that influences the dependent or outcome variable but was not separated from the independent variable.

Answer 39

confounding variable

Question 40

were the subjects used in the study respond favorably or show improvement due to the fact that they had been selected for the study. They could also be reacting to clues given unintentionally by the researchers.

Answer 40

Placebo effect

Question 41

2 Factors that can influence statistical experiments

Answer 41

confounding variable Placebo effect

Question 42

To minimize the placebo effect, researchers use what is called

Answer 42

blinding.

Question 43

the subjects do not know whether they are receiving an actual treatment or a placebo.

Answer 43

blinding,

Question 44

Here both the subjects and the researchers are not told which groups are given the placebos.

Answer 44

double blinding

Question 45

name of method to minimize variability when they suspect that there might be a difference between two or more blocks.

Answer 45

blocking

Question 46

When subjects are assigned to groups randomly, and the treatments are assigned randomly, the experiment is said to be a

Answer 46

completely randomized design

Question 47

Here one subject is assigned to a treatment group, and another subject is assigned to a control group. But, before the assignment, subjects are paired according to certain characteristics.

Answer 47

matched-pair design.

Question 48

Here the same experiment is done in another part of the country or in another laboratory.

Answer 48

replication

Question 49

7 The general guidelines for statisctical study

Answer 49

Formulate the purpose of the study. Identify the variables for the study. Define the population. Decide what sampling method you will use to collect the data. Collect the data. Summarize the data and perform any statistical calculations needed. Interpret the results.