Chapter 21

Question 1

What pressure did lord Shaftesbury apply to public health reform ?

Answer 1

• he worked through societies such as the social science association dealing with public health, penal reforms and education for women
  -he was an instrumental with Edwin Chadwick in persuading Russell’s government to set up a board of health as part of the 1848 public health reform

Question 2

What pressure did Edwin Chadwick apply for public health reforms ?

Answer 2

• published the the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain highlighting the problems of disease and poor living conditions
  -believe if attention was given to improve the poor and particularly to address the problems of infectious disease fewer people would need poor relief
• provided a blue print for the 1848 public health act
  -led to goverment to spend money in improving public health

Question 3

What pressure did John Simon apply for public health reform ?

Answer 3

• Simon saw piecemeal improvements but a strong statutory centralised body was needed to tackle the endemic problems that persisted in the poorer urban areas
  -even though the food adulteration act was passed the problems cause by poor sanitation and lack of fresh water supplies continued

Question 4

What was John Snow and the cholera epidemic role in applying pressure to public health reform ?

Answer 4

-john snow removed the after pump of board street because he thought it was the origin of the cholera epidemic
- also believed it was caused by miasma but somehow traveled through the water supply which made middle class people also be affected by the disease
- led to the development of sewage system
- however in the long term his theories didn’t really contribute to any future discoveries

Question 5

What did the public health act of 1848 do ? Limitations it had?

Answer 5

-This gave local authorities the power to appoint boards of health whose works was to be supervised by the Bernal board of health
- however the act had fatal weakness there was no compulsion on local authorities to set up board and by 1854 only 182 boards had been appointed in England and wales covering only 2 million of the population out of 18 million

Question 6

What was the sanitation act of 1866?

Answer 6

Compelled local authorities to improve local conditions and remove nuisance

Question 7

What did the public health act of 1872 do ? Limitations ?

Answer 7

• divide England and wales into districts under specific health authorities each of which was to have its own permanent medical officer and staff
• another failure because it was not clear what the duties of the health of board were and most of them were reluctant to spend the cash necessary for radical health reform

Question 8

What did the public health act of 1875 do? Limitations ?

Answer 8

-it laid downs in clear details what the compulsory duties of local authorities were, they had to ensure that there was adequate sewage, drainage and water supply;nuisance were to be removed, offensive trades regulated and contaminated food to be sought out, consficated and destroyed
-however peopled were still dying

Question 9

What was the artisan dwelling act 1875 ?

Answer 9

Local authorities were given the power of they wished to demolish insanitary property and to replace it with modern, health accommodation.

Question 10

What did the housing of working classes act 1890 do ?

Answer 10

Local authorities were compelled to demolish unhealthy housing and to provide other accommodation for those made homeless

Question 11

What did the housing and town planning act 1909 do ? Limitations ?

Answer 11

Allowed local authorities to introduce town planning schemes in order to avoid piecemeal building
- however there was no compulsion and the act was so complicated that the only major schemes was started in the whole country before 1914

Question 12

How did medical improvement improve public health reform ?

Answer 12

• in the 1790s Edward’s Jenner had introduced his vaccination technique which controlled smallpox, though the diesels was still dangerous
  -introduction of chloroform in 1840s a general anaesthetic gave surgeons more time to perform operations though there was still the problem of how to avoid infectious in the wound
• early 1860 Louis Pasteur discovered the germ theory of disease cause by micro organism or bacteria
• Joseph lister developed an antiseptic technique using carbolic acid which reduced infection after operation and helped reduce death rat e

Question 13

What was the most important reason for that progress being slow and not comprehensive ?

Answer 13

Lassiez-faire approach of goverment the thinking that not goverment intervention was for the better. This led to ratepayers begin influenced by this doctorine and have no intention to fund in better housing

Question 14

Chartism role for parliamentary reform ?

Answer 14

-revival stimulated by economic depression of 1847 and the influence of the revolution that were occurring in several European countries
-a mass meeting arranged cause real alarm to in goverment
- chartist 3 out of 6 aims were achieve during liberal administration

Question 15

The reform league role for parliamentary reform ?

Answer 15

• mainly a working class alliance with strong trade union support and a few wealthy middle-class backers
• aimed was to work towards democracy through universal suffrage and a programme of radical reform

Question 16

The reform union role in parliamentary reform ?

Answer 16

-created in 1864
-largely middle class organisation that called for a secrect ballot and focused on seeking redistribution of seats to correct imbalance caused by the population

Question 17

How did changes in political parties led to parliamentary reform ?

Answer 17

• the old Whig party dominated by landed aristocratic were slowly changing in the liberal part in which the commercial and industrial members were growing in influence
  -there successful men tended to live in areas that were under distributed

Question 18

How did the impact of industrialisation led to parliamentary reform ?

Answer 18

• the improved level of education made liberal more prone to accepting the ideas of extending the franchise to include this groups
  -the size of constituencies had become very uneven in result of countinuing population growth and movement from the countryside to urban arras
  -no new constituencies led to high levels if under representation within the population

Question 19

Pressure from inside Parliament lead to parliamentary reform ?

Answer 19

• john bright MP for Birmingham toured the country encouraging ordinary men to demand their democratic rights
  -John Stuart mill elected as MP for Westminster in 1865 was influential in raising interest in the political debates surrounding the extension of the franchise

Question 20

The impact of foreign affairs ?

Answer 20

Both American civil war 1861-65 and movement of Italian unification 1859-61 were seen by many British people as struggle for freedom and democracy and were instrumental in creating a poplar surge of interest in reform

Question 21

What does fenianism refer to ?

Answer 21

Nationalist movement seeking independency from British politics
Irish republicalism

Question 22

What was the fenian movement aims ?

Answer 22

An Irish democratic republic based on universal suffrage separation of church and state
Repeal act of union

Question 23

How did the fenianism emerge from other movements ?

Answer 23

Founders James Stephen’s and John O’ Mahoney both veterans of the young Ireland movement
- made up of a considerable base among urban supporters and the rural poor in Ireland

Question 24

How did the goverment respond to armed rebellion ?

Answer 24

Harbeus corpus was suspended and replaced by a kind of state of emergency that allowed for internment without trial

Question 25

What was the impact of the fenian rebellion

Answer 25

• 12 people killed
• thousand imprisoned

Question 26

Who were the Manchester Matyrs?

Answer 26

-A fenian team who aimed to rescue the two fenian leaders from a prison van
- they were Allen Larkin, O’Brien
- layer hanged for the shooting dead of a prison guard during the incident.

Question 27

What happened to the fenian after the 1867 insurrection ?

Answer 27

• they got sharply divided

Question 28

Did the fenian rising end in failure points for ?

Answer 28

-movement was quickly put down after the 1867 insurrection
-deeply divided
-12 died during rebellion and thousand imprisoned
-led to suspension of harbeas corpus

Question 29

Did the fenian rising end in failure points against ?

Answer 29

-some concerned to see the cause violence and introduced measures of reform
-recruited up to 50,000 men
- supporters from Irish immigrant in London, Scotland, Liverpool and Manchester (80,000 members )
- actively influenced Gladstone reforms

Question 30

How many times was the harbeas corpus suspended ?

Answer 30

Four time

Question 31

What was the land act of 1870?

Answer 31

sought to give legal force to the Ulster custom, and to give tenants enhanced security of tenure.

Question 32

What led to the land act 1870 ?

Answer 32

• many Irish farmers were tenants at will subject to six month notice without any right to compensation for any improvements they might have made to the land
  -during the 1850s an Irish pressure group the Irish tenant league advocated that tenants should benefit from the 3Fs

Question 33

What were the 3Fs ?

Answer 33

• free sale
• fair rent
• fixity of tenure

Question 34

How did the landowner react to the land act 1870?

Answer 34

• the act enraged landowners who saw it as a challenge to property rights
• it also fell short if the 3Fs demanded by the Irish tenant league

Question 35

what were the failure of the land act 1870 ?

Answer 35

• the amount of compensation depended upon the size of the farm and could not be more than £250
• fair rent was to be decided by the magistrate who were invariably landowners
• from the onset of the agricultural depression in Ireland after 1877 evictions for non-payment of rent became common place particularly in the west
• led to the land war

Question 36

What forms of concession did Gladstone put ?

Answer 36

• the aim of the church and land act was to bring peace to Ireland and to reduce support for the fenian
• released the remaining fenian prisoners in 1870

Question 37

What forms of coercion did Gladstone put ?

Answer 37

• harbeas corpus suspended four times
• Westmeath act 1871
  -new coercion act 1884

Question 38

What was the Irish universities bill of 1873 ?

Answer 38

• university of Dublin should be separated from trinity college which together with the queens college and catholic university would provide university education to avoid controversy, religion, philosophy and modern history would not be clashed

Question 39

What were the consequence of the universities bill 1873?

Answer 39

• was opposed by supporters of trinity college
• was defeated by 12 out of 105 Irish mp opposing to the bill
  -the most conspicuous failure in Gladstone Irish policy
• led to a temporarily to the fall of his government

Question 40

Overall assessment of Gladstone Irish policy ?

Answer 40

• Gladstone had removed the most conspicuous example of Allen privelaged by disestablishing the church of Ireland
• his land act was ingenious through its recognition of the Irish customs but it fell short of what the catholic bishops and the the tenant right league felt was necessary
• this help to fuel the rise of the Irish home rule party
  -Gladstone was able to release of the fenian prisoner in1870 however opposition in the creation of universities bill 1873 was due to prevalent anti-Catholicism of the period.

Question 41

Why did the Irish home rule party develop so rapidly after 1870 ?

Answer 41

• the liberation of Daniel Conner had led to a rise of young Ireland that advocated the repeal of the act of union and the reestablishment of an Irish parliament in Dublin
• in the 1859s another independent Irish party was founded to support the right of Irish tenants farmers and to defend the Catholic Church
  -in 1870 Issac butt founded the home government association campaign for the right of the Irish people to include the control of the Irish executive by an Irish parliament.
• the home rule party gaining several seats in by election between 1870 to 74

Question 42

What led to the home rule part gaining seat in elections ?

Answer 42

• due to secrets ballot act 1872 helped prevent landlord intimidation of the relatively small Irish electorate
• fulled by the dissatisfaction with the land act 1870

Question 43

What were the consequences of a depression in the Irish economy ?

Answer 43

-production of potatoes dropped by 75% between 1876-79
-agricultural prices began to fall as a result of decline by £14million

Question 44

What were the consequences of the outbreak of depression in British agricultural with the loss of migrant work on British farm ?

Answer 44

• landowners began to re-organise their farm into larger units to benefit from lower costs of production to achieve this they had to evict tentamt
• many of these landowners were catholic
• the 1889 depression left about 1000 families evicted

Question 45

What happend during the land wars 1897 - 1882 ?

Answer 45

• with the development of the land league came the reappearance of crimes against the landlords in the Irish country side by ribbonmen

Question 46

What was the land act of 1881 ?

Answer 46

-this established a land court to fix fair rents for a period of 15 years
-land court reduce rent to 25% due to falling price in agricultural prices
-land commissioners were also appointed to assist emigration to advance three quarters of the purchase money to tenants wishing to buy their farms
-gave the 3Fs in addition to fair rent

Question 47

What was the kilmainham treaty 1882 and what cause it ?
What shattered the peace ?

Answer 47

• treaty where Parnell and other leader would be released and arrears of rent would be cancelled in return for an assurance from Parnell that the land war would end
• it was caused by land league still advocating for non payment of rent and boycott of land act which made the land league an illegal / criminal association leading to arresting leaders under the coercion act
• short lived were members of the treaty did minor reform and not placed high priority

Question 48

What was the phoenix park murders in 1882 ?

Answer 48

• where the new chief secretary, lord Frederick cavendish with his under secretary Burke were murdered by the invincible a republican organisation outside vice regal lodge in phoenix parks Dublin

Question 49

What was the government response to the phoenix park murders 1882?

Answer 49

-Parnell threat to withdraw from political life
- new coercion act (the prevention of crime act ) which gave a set up to special tribunal of three judges to try cases without juries and gave JPs the authority to detain suspects and declare meeting illegal

Question 50

Who was Issac butt ?

Answer 50

He was the founder of the home rule league in 1870
Advocated for peaceful and constitutional means to achieve Irish autonomy
Butt work laid foundation for future Irish national movement
Irish politicians and barrister

Question 51

Who was Thomas Kelly ?

Answer 51

Was an Irish revolutionary leader of the Irish republican brotherhood
Nominated leader of the fenian rising g 1867

Question 52

What was the home rule league ?

Answer 52

Was an Irish political organisation founded by Issac butt in 1870 it aimed to achieve self government for Ireland within the British empire through peaceful and constitutional means. Advocated for the establishment of an Irish parliament

Question 53

What was the land league ?

Answer 53

-An influential agricultural organisation that was founded in 1879, it was formed in response to the widespread issues of the land ownership and tenets right in Ireland
-Advocated for land reform and feared treatment of Irish tenants
-Led by steward Parnell, davitt

Question 54

What was the Irish nationalist party

Answer 54

• was a political party in Ireland led by Parnell the party aimed to achieve self government for Ireland with the British empire through constitutional means
• played a significant tole in advocating for Irish home rule and in representing the interests of Irish nationalist in parliament
• led to an independent Irish sate

Question 55

Who was Charles Stewart Parnell ?

Answer 55

• was an influential Irish politician and leader of the Irish nationalist party
• played a crucial role in advocating for Irish home rule and the rights of Irish tentants
  -was known for his charismatic ability to rally support for the cause of Irish nationalism

Question 56

What did the disestablishment of the church act in 1869 do ?

Answer 56

Disestablished the Anglican Church of Ireland and reduced the tension and another source of trouble which benefitted the majority of catholic population