Chapter 21

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Motivation is the enthusiasm or dedication of an individual or team to achieve the objectives of the organisation

Question 2

Motivation benefits

Answer 2

Harder working employees 
Fewer mistakes 
Less time wastage 
Increased involvement from employees 
Increased job satisfaction 
Customer satisfaction

Question 3

Douglas McGregor theory X

Answer 3

Under theory X the manager has the assumptions

Most people dislike work and responsibility and will avoid both of possible

They are inherently lazy, requiring coercion and control

This is a scientific management view of needing to carry a big stick

The emphasis for motivation is extrinsic rewards (PBR)

The view is on of the Rational Economic Man

These assumptions can lead a manager to take a dictatorial management style which can be repressive for employees. The style will be controlling and takes the view that employees are problems which need to be resolved

Question 4

Douglas McGregor theory Y

Answer 4

Work is as natural as to rest or play. They enjoy it.

Work can be a source of satisfaction.

People will accept and seek responsibility under the right conditions

Motivation stems from motivator considerations

If you believe this then the management style will be more democratic or consultative

These assumptions will lead a manager to adopt a democratic management style which can be inclusive for employees. The manager will think that employees are an asset which can be developed and encouraged

Question 5

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 5

See diagram

Question 6

Victor Vroom

Answer 6

See diagram

Question 7

Money in motivation theories

Answer 7

Maslow - Pay can be used to satisfy a range of needs either directly (for lower level needs) or indirectly (for higher level needs)

McClelland - Pay is a form of feedback for those with high achievement needs. It is also a way of controlling people and gaining prestige, which relates to power needs.

Herzberg - pay is normally a hygiene factor but could also be viewed as a motivator where it gives recognition for work well done

Adam’s equity theory - pay is an object comparison and a major reason for feelings of inequality

Expectancy theory - pay is one of the rewards that may be valued by an individual

Question 8

Non-financial motivators

Answer 8

Participation
Quality of work life
Job design