Chapter 22 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What are the major functions of the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange
Communication
Platelet production
Expulsion
Acid balance
Blood and lymph flow
Blood filtration
2
Q
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
A
passages that serve only for airflow
3
Q
What structures are included in the conducting zone?
A
Nares
Nasal concha
nasal cavity
Hard and soft plate
Nasal meatuses
Larynx section
Epiglottis
Vocal folds
All the cartridges
Trachea
Left and right bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
4
Q
What is the respiratory zone in the respiratory system?
A
Gas exchange regions of the distal airway
5
Q
What are the structures in the respiratory zone?
A
Respiratory bronchioles
Aveolar ducts
Alvioli
6
Q
What is considered the upper respiratory tract
A
Head and neck
Nose to the larynx
7
Q
what is considered the lower respiratory tract?
A
Trachea to the lungs
8
Q
In what order does airflow past these structures?
A
……
9
Q
What are the cell and tissue types of the nasal cavity?
A
Hyland cartilage
Pseudostratified columnar
10
Q
What are the cell and tissue types of oral cavity?
A
Stratified squamous
11
Q
What are the cell and tissue types of the pharynx?
A
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
12
Q
What are the cell and tissue types of the trachea?
A
Hyaline cartilage
Pseudostratified
13
Q
What are the cell and tissue types of the bronchi
A
Hyaline cartilage
Pseudostratified
14
Q
What are the functions of squamous Avilar cells?
A
Rapid gas exchange between lungs and the bloodstream
15
Q
What are the functions of great Aveolar cells?
A
Repair Aveolar epithelium
Secret phospholipid and protein that prevents bronchioles from collapsing
16
Q
What are the functions of Avelar microphage?
A
Most common
Keep the lungs free of debris
17
Q
What are the three types of Avilar cells?
A
Squamish Avila
Great Avilar
Avilar micro phases
18
Q
What is ventilation
A
Repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration
19
Q
What happens during inspiration?
A
Air gets drawn into the lungs by contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. This expands the lungs.
20
Q
What happens during expiration?
A
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the lungs to force air out
21
Q
Which muscles are genuinely used for quiet breathing
A
Diagram
External intercostal muscles
22
Q
What is quiet breathing?
A
Relaxed unconscious breathing
23
Q
What muscles are genuinely used for forced breathing
A
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
24
Q
What is forced breathing
A
Deep and rapid breathing
25
Do these muscles contract or relax within inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration - contract
Expiration -relax
26
How is respiration controlled by the brain?
Medulla oblongata
Ponds
Three respiratory groups
27
What are the three respiratory groups that regulate respiratory system in the brain?
Ventral respiratory group
Dorsal respiratory group
Pontine respiratory group
28
What are the major functions of the ventral respiratory group?
respiratory rhythm
29
What are the major functions of the dorsal respiratory group?
Modifies respiratory rhythm
30
What is the major function of the? Pontine respiratory group.
Delays transition for inspiration and expiration
Shorter and shallow breaths or longer and deeper breaths
31
What do central chemo receptors sense in respiration?
Changes in pH of the cerebral spinal fluid
32
What is the result of central chemo, receptors sensing respiration?
Ensures stable blood carbon dioxide level
33
What do peripheral chemoreceptors sense in respiration?
Changing of Oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood
34
What is the result of sensing peripheral chemo, receptors and respiration?
Trigger and increase in ventilation rate and depth to maintain homeostasis
35
What do stretch receptors sense in respiration?
Inflation of the lungs during inspiration
36
What is the result of sensing stretch receptors in respiration
Regulate the depth of breathing and prevent over inflation of lungs
37
What do irritant receptors in respiration sense?
Smoke, dust, pollen chemicals, cold air, or excessive mucus
38
What is the result of the sensing of irritate receptors in respiration?
Protective reflexes
Shallow breath
Coughing
Holding breath
39
How do pressure and resistance contribute to airflow?
Air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
40
What is Boyles law?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
41
How would you apply Boyle’s law to volume changes in the lungs?
If you increase the volume of a container holding a gas, the pressure of that gas will decrease
If you decrease the volume of a container holding gas, the pressure will increase
42
What is atmospheric pressure?
Baseline
Pressure that drives inspiration
43
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Lungs internal pressure
44
What is intrapleural pressure?
Lung cavity pressure
45
What is transPulmonary pressure?
Difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure
Pressure gradient that keeps lungs from collapsing
46
Which pressures in and around the lungs are expected to be higher or lower than others?
Higher-
Lower -intrapleural pressure
47
What are the four respiratory volumes?
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
48
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
49
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The excess amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort
50
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The access error that can be exhaled with maximum effort
51
What is residual volume?
Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Can’t be exhaled
52
What are the four respiratory capacities?
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity
53
What is vital capacity?
The deepest possible breath
Vital capacity = expiatory, reserve, volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
54
What is inspiratory capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
55
What is functional residual capacity?
Amount of remaining air in lungs after normal tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity = residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
56
What is total lung capacity?
Maximum amount of air in the lungs
Total lung capacity = residual volume + vital capacity
57
What is atomic dead space of the lungs?
Volume of air within the respiratory system that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
58
What is physiological dead space
Breath that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
59
How do these different lung volumes and capacities relate to restrictive and obstructive respiratory disorders?
Restrictive - can’t breathe in well
Elasticity increases
Compliance decrease
Total lung volume decreases
Obstructive - can’t breathe in or out well (narrow or blocked airway)
Elasticity decreases
Compliance increases
Total lung volume increases
60
What forces contribute to the lungs tendency towards collapse
No surfactant around the avoli
61
The thoracic cavities tendency toward expansion
62
What is the function of the surfactant in a normal lung?
Reduce surface tension within the Alvoli
63
What happens when the puncture wound breaches the plural cavity?
Air enters the chest cavity, changing the lung pressure and the lung collapses
64
What happens during bronchi constriction?
Narrowing of the airway in the bronchi due to muscle contraction
65
What happens during bronchial dilation?
Widening of the airway in the bronchi eye due to muscle relaxation
66
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between the lungs and external environment
67
What is internal respiration?
Oxygen moves from the blood into the bodies tissue
68
How does gas exchange in the lungs work
Oxygen moves from the air in the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs to be exhaled
69
What is partial pressure?
The pressure of each molecule inside the space
70
How do partial pressures of multiple gases contribute to the total pressures?
Each gas contribute to overall pressure independently
71
What direction will gas flow across a partial pressure gradient?
High pressure to low pressure
72
How do partial pressure differences and solubility impact gas dissolving into or out of a liquid?
Higher partial pressure of a gas above a liquid more gas will dissolve in the liquid because the high pressure means more gas molecules touched the liquid and dissolve
73
What are the carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressure gradient in internal respiration?
Oxygen moves from higher in the capillaries to lower in the tissue cells
Carbon dioxide moves from high in the tissue cells too low in the capillaries
74
What are the carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressure gradient in external respiration?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries where pressure is low
Carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli where the pressure is low
75
What solubility difference is there between oxygen and carbon dioxide? How does this impact gas transfer?
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in fluids like blood and water than oxygen.
76
Are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the valley higher or lower than atmospheric? Why
Oxygen is lower
Carbon dioxide is higher
There is more oxygen in the atmospheric air than carbon dioxide
77
How does membrane thickness impact the gas exchange?
If the membrane is thicker, the molecules will have a harder time passing the membrane
78
How is membrane surface area impact gas exchange?
Larger area means more oxygen into the bloodstream and more carbon dioxide out of it
79
How does ventilation/perfusion coupling impact gas exchange?
When not working together, can potentially affect blood oxygen and carbon dioxide level levels
80
What Vaso motion happens in the lungs when PCO2 is high and PO2 is low
Increase ventilation
Vasoconstriction
81
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Lung tissue becomes thickened oxygen cannot pass into bloodstream
82
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
83
What is asthma?
Inflamed and narrow the airways
84
What is emphysema?
Where are the avolei in the lungs are damaged
85
What is COPD
Progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe
86
What causes decompression sickness?
Example?
When you assign from high pressure environments to quickly
Deep diving
87
How does pressure in decompression sickness impact gas exchange?
Gases dissolved into bloodstream quickly, and when pressure changes bubbles in the bloodstream and tissues can form
88
When looking at the hemoglobin saturation curve. What does it mean when the curve shifts to the right?
Low pH
High CO2
High temperature
More oxygen unloaded
89
When looking at the hemoglobin saturation curve. What does it mean when the curve shifts to the left?
High pH
Low CO2
Low temperature
More oxygen bound
90
Where does 2,3 bisohonsphoycerate come from?
red blood cells
91
How does 2,3 bisphosphonogly impact hemoglobin saturation curve?
left is low
Right is high
92
What is the Venus reserve of oxygen?
The remaining oxygen in the veins after it has passed through the tissue
93
What is hypoxia?
Deprived of oxygen supply
94
How does carbon dioxide poisoning work?
Hypercapina
Too much carbon dioxide buildup in the blood
95
What are the three main ways oxygen is transported in the blood
Dissolves in plasma
Bound to hemoglobin
Carried as bicarbonate
96
Which methods transport the most and least carbon dioxide
Most- bicarbonate
Least - dissolved in plasma
