Chapter 22

Question 0

Air is moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed.

Answer 0

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 1

The major function of the ____ ____ is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

Answer 1

Respiratory system

Question 2

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.

Answer 2

External respiration

Question 3

Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs.

Answer 3

Transport of respiratory gases

Question 4

Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood.

Answer 4

Internal respiration

Question 5

The actual site of gas exchange is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.

Answer 5

Respiratory zone

Question 6

The ___ __ includes all other respiratory passageways, which provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites. Also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air.

Answer 6

Conducting zone

Question 7

The external openings of the nose, the ____ or ____ are bounded laterally by the flared alae. During breathing, air enters the cavity by passing through the ___ or ___.

Answer 7

Nostrils or nares

Question 8

The internal ___ ___ lies in and posterior to the external nose.

Answer 8

Nasal cavity

Question 9

The nasal cavity is divided by a midline ___ ____, formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

Answer 9

Nasal septum

Question 10

The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the ___ ___ ___

Answer 10

Posterior nasal apertures also called Choanae

Question 11

The floor is formed by the ____ which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below.

Answer 11

Palate

Question 12

Anteriorly where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones it is called the ___ ____

Answer 12

Hard palate

Question 13

The unsupported posterior portion is the muscular ___ ____

Answer 13

Soft palate

Question 14

The part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils called the ___ ____ is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles.

Answer 14

Nasal vestibule

Question 15

The hairs or ____ filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air.

Answer 15

Vibrissae

Question 16

The ____ ___ is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands

Answer 16

Respiratory mucosa

Question 17

The small patch of ___ ___ lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors in its olfactory epithelium.

Answer 17

Olfactory mucosa

Question 18

____ ___ ___ contains mucus secreting mucus cells and serous cells that secrete a watery fluid containing enzymes.

Answer 18

Seromucous nasal glands

Question 19

Protruding medically from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity are three scroll like mucosa covered projections the superior middle and inferior ___ ____. Function during inhalation to filter hear and moisten the air Alain during exhalation to reclaim this heat & moisture.

Answer 19

Nasal conchae

Question 20

The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of ___ ____. They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & maxillary bones.

Answer 20

Paranasal sinuses

Question 21

The funnel-shaped ___ connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Commonly called the throat it resembles a short length of garden hose as it extends for about 13cm from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

Answer 21

Pharynx

Question 22

The ____ lies posterior to the oral cavity & is continuous with it through an archway called the Isthmus of the fauces.

Answer 22

Oropharynx

Question 23

The paired ___ ____ lie embedded in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa just posterior to the oral cavity.

Answer 23

Palating tonsils

Question 24

The ___ ___ covers the posterior surface of the tongue.

Answer 24

Lingual tonsil

Question 25

The oropharynx about it the ___ served as a passageway for food and air is lined with the stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 25

Laryngopharynx

Question 26

The ___ or voice box extends for about 5 xm from the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae.

Answer 26

Larynx

Question 27

The large shield shaped ___ ___ is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates

Answer 27

Thyroid cartilage

Question 28

The midline __ ___ which marks the fusion point is obvious externally as the Adam's apple.

Answer 28

Laryngeal prominence

Question 29

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ring shaped ___ ____ perched atop and anchored to the trachea inferiorly.

Answer 29

Cricoid cartilage

Question 30

Form part of the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx, pyramid shaped which anchor the vocal folds.

Answer 30

Arytenoid cuneiform

Question 31

The ninth cartilage the flexible spoon shaped _____ is composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud containing mucosa.

Answer 31

Epiglottis

Question 32

Lying under the laryngeal mucosa on each side are the ___ ____ which attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 32

Vocal ligaments

Question 33

These ligaments composed largely of elastic fibers form the core of mucosal folds called ____ ____ which appear pearly white because they lack blood vessels. (Producing sound)

Answer 33

Vocal folds

Question 34

The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passed are called

Answer 34

Glottis

Question 35

Superior to the vocal folds is a similar pair of mucosal folds called the ___ ___ . They play no direct part in sound production but help to close the glottis when we swallow.

Answer 35

Vestibular folds

Question 36

Inflammation of the vocal folds or _____ causes the vocal folds to swell interfering with their vibration.

Answer 36

Laryngitis

Question 37

The ____ or windpipe descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum

Answer 37

Trachea

Question 38

The ___ has the same goblet cell containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract.

Answer 38

Mucosa

Question 39

The ____ a connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa contains seromucous glands that help produce the mucus sheets within the trachea

Answer 39

Submucosa

Question 40

The submucosa is by 16 to 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage encased by the _____ the outermost layer of connective tissue.

Answer 40

Adventitia

Question 41

The open posterior parts of the cartilage rings which abut the esophagus are connected by smooth muscle fibers of the ____ & by soft connective tissue

Answer 41

Trachealis

Question 42

The last tracheal cartilage is expanded and a spar of cartilage called the ___ projects posteriorly from its inner face marking the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi

Answer 42

Carina

Question 43

The air passageways in the lungs branch and branch again about 23 times overall in a pattern often called the ___ ____

Answer 43

Bronchial tree

Question 44

The trachea divided to form the __ & ___ ___ ____ approximately at the level of T7 in an erect person.

Answer 44

Right & left main bronchi

Question 45

Once inside the lungs each main bronchus subdivides into ___ ____ three on the right and two on the left each supplying one lung lobe.

Answer 45

Lobar bronchi

Question 46

The lobar bronchi branch into third order ___ ___ which divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi.

Answer 46

Segmental bronchi

Question 47

Passages smaller than 1mm in diameter are called

Answer 47

Bronchioles

Question 48

The tiniest of these the ___ ___ are less than 0.5mm in diameter.

Answer 48

Terminal bronchioles

Question 49

Defined by the presence of thin walled air sacs called ____

Answer 49

Alveoli

Question 50

The respiratory zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into ___ ____ within the lung.

Answer 50

respiratory bronchioles

Question 51

The respiratory bronchioles lead into winding ___ ___ whose walls consist of diffusely arranged rings of smooth muscle cells connective tissue fibers and outpocketing alveoli.

Answer 51

Alveolar ducts

Question 52

The alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters of alveoli called

Answer 52

Alveolar sacs

Question 53

The walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells called ___ _ ____ ____ surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane

Answer 53

Type 1 alveolar cells

Question 54

Together the capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basement membranes form the ______ ____ a 0.5- um- thick blood air barrier that has blood flowing past on one side and gas on the other.

Answer 54

Respiratory membrane

Question 55

__ _ ___ ___ secrete a fluid containing a detergent like substance called surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces.

Answer 55

Type II alveolar cells

Question 56

___ ___ connecting adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease

Answer 56

Alveolar pores

Question 57

Each cone shaped lung is surrounded by pleurae and connected to the mediastinum by vascular and bronchial attachments collectively called the lung _____

Answer 57

Root

Question 58

The anterior lateral and posterior lung surfaces lie in close contact with the ribs and form the continuously curving ___ ___.

Answer 58

Costal surface

Question 59

Just deep to the clavicle is the ___ the narrow superior tip of the lung.

Answer 59

Apex

Question 60

The concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm is the ___

Answer 60

Base

Question 61

On the mediastinal surface of each lung is an indentation the ___, through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the lungs.

Answer 61

Hilum

Question 62

The left lung is smaller than the right and the ___ ___ a concavity in its medial aspect is molded to and accommodates the heart.

Answer 62

Cardiac notch

Question 63

The left lung is subdivided into superior and inferior ___ by the oblique fissure.

Answer 63

Lobes

Question 64

The right lung is partitioned into superior middle and inferior lobes by the __ & __ ___.

Answer 64

Oblique & horizontal fissures.

Question 65

Each love contains a number of pyramid shaped ___ ___ separated from one another by connective tissue septa.

Answer 65

Bronchopulmonary segments

Question 66

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the ___ which appear at the lung surface as hexagons ranging from the size of a pencil eraser to the size of a penny.

Answer 66

Lobules

Question 67

The balance of lung tissue or its ___ it's mostly elastic connective tissue

Answer 67

Stroma

Question 68

Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the ___ ____ which lie anterior to the main bronchi.

Answer 68

Pulmonary arteries

Question 69

The ___ ___ convey the freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone of the lungs to the heart.

Answer 69

Pulmonary veins

Question 70

In contrast to the pulmonary circulation the ___ ___ provide oxygenated systematic blood to lung tissue.

Answer 70

Bronchial Arteries

Question 71

These nerve fibers enter each lung through the ___ ___ on the lung root and run along the bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs

Answer 71

Pulmonary plexus

Question 72

The ___ form a thin doubled layered serosa.

Answer 72

Pleurae

Question 73

The layer called the __ ___ covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

Answer 73

Parietal pleura

Question 74

Cover the external lung surface dipping into and lining it's fissures.

Answer 74

Visceral pleura

Question 75

This lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements.

Answer 75

Pleural fluid

Question 76

Inflammation of the pleural often results from pneumonia

Answer 76

Pleurisy

Question 77

The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open or phrased another way keeps the lungs from collapsing

Answer 77

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 78

___ ___ is the pressure exerted by the air (gases) surrounding the body.

Answer 78

Atmospheric pressure

Question 79

The __ __ is the pressure in the alveoli

Answer 79

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 80

The pressure in the pleural cavity is

Answer 80

Intrapleural pressure

Question 81

__ or lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged (as May follow pneumonia)

Answer 81

Atelectasis

Question 82

The presence of air in the pleural cavity is referred to as a ____ and is reversed by drawing air out of the intrapleural space with chest tube.

Answer 82

Pneumothorax

Question 83

___ ___ gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas: at constant temperature the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

Answer 83

Boyle's Law

Question 84

Healthy lungs are unbelievably stretchy and this distensibility is called ___ ___. It's a change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.

Answer 84

Lung compliance

Question 85

Alveolar film also contains __ __ a detergent like complex of lipids and proteins produced by the type II alveolar cells

Answer 85

Surfactant

Question 86

This unequal attraction produced a state of tension at the liquid surface called ___ ___

Answer 86

Surface tension

Question 87

The air ONLY passageway

Answer 87

Nasopharynx

Question 88

The period when air flows into the lungs is __

Answer 88

Inspiration