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Anatomy Ashley > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a conducting division

A

Passages for airflow from nostrils through bronchioles

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2
Q

What is a respiratory division

A

Alveoli and other gas exchange regions of distal airway

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3
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose through larynx organs in the head and neck

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea through the lungs

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5
Q

What is the function of the nose

A

Warms cleanses humidifies inhaled air

Detects odors

Resonating chamber that amplifies the voice

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6
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Passes only air

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7
Q

Oropharynx and Laryngopharyx

A

Passes air food and drink swallowing and speech

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8
Q

Function of Larynx

A

Keep food and drink out of the airway and sound production

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9
Q

Function of the trachea

A

Wind pipe contract or relax to adjust airflow

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10
Q

Function of the bronchioles

A

Continuation of the airways black supportive cartilage ciliated cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

What is terminal bronchioles

A

Final branches of the conducting division cilia to control mucus

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12
Q

What is respiratory bronchioles

A

Beginning of respiratory because alveoli participate in gas exchange

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13
Q

Conducting division pathway of air into the lungs

A

Pharynx trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus bronchial terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

Respiratory division pathway of air into the lungs

A

Respiratory bronchial Alveolar duct atrium

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15
Q

Function of the respiratory membrane

A

Air blood barriers composed of alveolar our and capillary walls

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16
Q

Alveolar walls

A

Type one: permits gas exchange by simple diffusion and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme

Type two: alveolar cells secrete sulfactant which prevents alveoli from sticking

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17
Q

Alveoli

A

Elastic fibers

Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized

House macrophages that keep Alveolar surfaces sterile

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18
Q

Reduction of friction

A

Plural fluid act as a lubricant that enables the lungs to expand and contract with minimal friction

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19
Q

Creation of pressure gradient

A

Expands lungs when one inhales

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20
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Prevents infections of one organ spreading to other organs in the thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Pleurae

A

Serous membrane on surface of lungs

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22
Q

Pleural fluid

A

Potential space

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23
Q

Boyles law

A

Pressure of Gas is proportional to volume at constant temperature

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24
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Exerted by the air surrounding the body

25
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure with in the plural cavity

26
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

Pressure within the alveoli

27
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts lung volume increases intrapulmonary pressure decreases atmospheric pressure greater than intrapulmonary pressure air flows into the lungs

28
Q

Quiet expiration

A

Diaphragm contracts lung volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure increases atmospheric pressure lower than intrapulmonary pressure air flows out of the lungs

29
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Aids in childbirth urination defecation and vomiting

Contracting abdomen muscles to raise pressure and push contents out

30
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Increase in diameter bronchus or bronchial

31
Q

Broncoconstriction

A

Reduction in diameter

32
Q

Compliance

A

The ease in which the lungs expand change and lung volume due to pressure change

33
Q

Surface tension

A

The attraction of liquid molecules

34
Q

Henry’s law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by solubility in water and partial pressure in air

35
Q

Composition of atmospheric and alveolar gases

A

Alveolar air is humidified by contact with mucous membranes higher than inhaled air

Alveolar air exchanges O2 and CO2 with blood

36
Q

Thickness of pulmonary membrane

A

Little obstacle to diffusion blood buildup capillary diffusion

37
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Oxygen diffuses from air into blood and oxygen dilution occurs mixing up oxygen rich pulmonary blood with oxygen poor systemic blood

38
Q

Solubility of gas

A

Carbon dioxide is about 20 times as soluable as oxygen oxygen twice as soluable as nitrogen

39
Q

Ventilation perfusion coupling

A

Adjusting ventilation so that air is directed to the best perfused part of the lungs

40
Q

Two Ways 02 is carried in the blood

A

Bound to hemoglobin in the RBCs

Dissolved in the blood plasma

41
Q

Ambient PO2 with loading and unloading

A

Active tissue consumes oxygen rapidly PO2 remains low HBO2 releases more oxygen

42
Q

Temperature with loading and unloading

A

Elevated temperature promotes oxygen unloading active tissue extracts more oxygen from blood flowing through

43
Q

Bohr effect on loading and unloading

A

Hydrogen ions weaken the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen promoting oxygen unloading

44
Q

BPG on loading and unloading

A

Binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen unloading elevated temp stimulates BPG synthesis hormones promote oxygen unloading

45
Q

Three ways CO2 is transported in the blood

A

Carbonic acid carb amino compounds and dissolved gas

46
Q

Carbonic anhydrase with co2 transport

A

Enzyme that speeds up reaction in the RBCs

47
Q

VRG ventral respiratory group

A

Primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

48
Q

PRG pontine respiratory group

A

Modifies the rhythm of the VR G

49
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing one or more skipped breath

50
Q

Dyspnea

A

Labored gasping breathing shortness of breath

51
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise pain

52
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased pulmonary ventilation anxiety lowering blood CO2 concentration and raising blood pH

53
Q

Hypo ventilation

A

Reduce her pulmonary ventilation increase in CO2 concentration

54
Q

Alkalosis

A

PH greater than 7.45

55
Q

Acidosis

A

Blood pH lower than 7.35

56
Q

Hypocapnia

A

PCO2 less than 37 mmhg most common cause of alkalosis

57
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Most common cause of acidosis PCO2 greater than 43 mmhg

58
Q

4 receptors that provide information to respiratory centers

A

Hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Respiration and exercise

Anatomy Ashley (9 decks)

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