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Anatomy Ashley > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra

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2
Q

8 roles of the urinary system

A

Filter blood plasma excrete toxic metabolic waste

Regulate blood volume pressure regulating water output

Regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance

Secrete hormones supports oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Regulate calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism

Clear hormones and drugs from the blood

Detoxify free radicals

Support blood glucose levels

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3
Q

Waste

A

Substance useless to the body

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4
Q

Metabolic waste

A

Waste substance produced by the body

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5
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

Metabolic waste small nitrogen containing compound

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6
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A

Level of nitrogenous waste in the blood

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7
Q

3 Nitrogen wastes

A

Urea uric acid creatine

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8
Q

What does the respiratory system excrete

A

Carbon dioxide gases and water

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9
Q

What does the integumentary system excrete

A

Water in organic salts lactic acid and urea

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10
Q

What does the digestive system secrete

A

Food residue water salts CO2 lipids bile pigments cholesterol metabolic waste

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11
Q

What does the urinary system excrete

A

Metabolic waste toxins drugs hormones salts hydrogen ions water

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12
Q

Flow of fluid from Glomerular filtrate to when Urine leaves body

A

Descending limb nephron loop ascending limb distal con voluted tube collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major Calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra

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13
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Close to kidney surface short neohron loops

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14
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Close to medulla very long nephron loop

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15
Q

Renal innervation

A

Reduce glomerular blood flow and urine production

Respond to calling blood pressure stimulates kidneys to produce renin

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16
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Fluid in capsular space similar to blood plasma except has no protein

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17
Q

Tubular fluid

A

Fluid from proximal convoluted tubule her through the distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Urine

A

Fluid once it enters the collecting duct

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19
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass through capillaries into the capsular space of the nephron

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20
Q

Three barriers of the filtration membrane

A

Fenestrated endothelium of capillary highly permeable

Basement membrane excludes large molecules

Filtration slits obstacle arms with slits which are obstacles to large anions

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21
Q

What substance is not present in glomerular filtrate

A

Similar to blood plasma except it has no proteins

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22
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

High outward pressure of 62 in word pressures of 18 and 32

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23
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrate formed per minute by two kidneys

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24
Q

GFR too high

A

Fluid flows through renal tubule’s to rapidly for them to reabsorb the normal amount of water and solutes urine increases dehydration

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25
GFR to low
Fluid flow slowly through tubules reabsorb waste that should've been illuminated
26
Renal autoregulation
Mechanism to change glomerular blood pressure Ability of the nephrons to adjust to their own blood flow and a GFR without external control nervous or hormonal
27
Myogenic mechanism
Tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched BP rises stretches afferent arteriole Arteriole constricts and prevents blood flow
28
Tubuloglomerular feed
Adenosine cells constrict afferent arterial Reduces blood flow reduce his GFR completing negative feedback loop
29
Muscula densa
Absorb na k and cl swell secrete ATP from their basal surfaces
30
Mesangial cells
ATP is metabolized to adenosine and pack the spaces between the arterioles and within the glomerulus
31
Granular cells
Respond to rising adenosine level by constructing the afferent arteriole reduces blood flow reduce GFR
32
What stimulates the production of renin
Drop in blood pressure
33
What blood plasma protein does renin act on
Angiotensin aldosterone
34
What is this blood plasma protein converted to
Angiotensin II hormone that acts in several ways to restore fluid volume and blood pressure
35
What enzyme produced by the lungs and kidneys acts on angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme
36
Six actions of angiotensin II
Vasoconstrictor raises mean arterial blood pressure Raises glomerular blood pressure and GFR ensuring filtration of waste from blood Lower blood pressure more water is returned to the bloodstream instead of being lost in the urine Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone sodium and water reabsorption Pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone which promotes water reabsorption Stimulates sense of thirst and encourages water intake
37
Tubular reabsorption
Reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood
38
Why is sodium reabsorption in the PCT important
It creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsorption of water and other solutes
39
Four primary substances that are reabsorbed in the PCT
Electrolytes glucose water nitrogenous waste
40
Obligatory water reabsorption
In PCT when water is reabsorbed at a constant rate
41
Transport maximum
Maximum rate of reabsorption reached when transporters are saturated
42
Four primary substances absorbed in the nephron loop
Sodium potassium chloride water
43
Two primary substances reabsorbed in the DCT and collecting duct
Water salts
44
What is the function of principal cells
Salt and water balance
45
Function of intercalated cells
Reabsorb K and secrete H into tubule and are mainly in acid-base balance
46
Aldosterone
Water retention helps maintain blood volume and pressure
47
Natriuretic peptides
Reduce blood volume and pressure
48
Antidiuretic hormone
ADH makes collecting duct more permeable to water
49
Parathyroid hormone
Helps minimize further decline in blood calcium levels
50
Tubular secretion
Renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid
51
Three purposes of tubular secretion
Acid-base balance by hydrogen and bicarbonate ions Extracts waste from the blood Clears drugs and containments from the blood
52
Water diuresis
If you drink a large volume of water produce large volume of hypo tonic urine
53
Response to dehydration in the collecting duct
Transfer aquaporins from storage vesicles in cytoplasm to apical cell surface cells take water from tubular fluid if ADH remains high for 24 hours manufacture more aquaPorins
54
Countercurrent exchange system
The vasa recta from carrying the urea and salt needed to maintain high osmolarity of the medulla
55
What does the collecting ducts ability to concentrate urine depend on
Osmotic gradient
56
How does a nephron loop act as a counter current multiplier
Continually recapture salt and returns it to the deep medullary tissue
57
Multiplier
Multiplies osmolarity deep in the medulla
58
Countercurrent
Fluid flowing in opposite directions in two adjacent tubules
59
Descending limbs
Very permeable to water but not sodium chloride water passes by osmosis into ECF leaving NaCl behind
60
Ascending limbs
Impermeable to water pumps that transport sodium potassium and chloride into the ECF
61
Four components of involuntary micturition reflex
Stretch receptors detect filling of bladder transmit afferent signals to spinal cord Signals return to bladder from spinal cord via parasympathetic fibers in pelvic nerve Efferent signals excite detrusor muscle Efferent signals relax internal urethral Sphinter urinary is involuntarily voided if not inhibited by brain

Anatomy Ashley (9 decks)

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