Chapter 22

Question 1

the name gymnosperm means

Answer 1

naked seed

Question 2

The female gametophyte is produced inside an

Answer 2

ovule

Question 3

the ovule contains a fleshy fruit called the

Answer 3

nucellus

Question 4

The nucellus itself is enclosed within

Answer 4

one or more outer layers of tissue

Question 5

the outer layers of tissue of the nucellus constitute an

Answer 5

integument that becomes a seed coat after the fertilization and development of an embryo takes place

Question 6

four living phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 6

1. Phylum Pinophyta (conifers)
2. Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
3. Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
4. Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)

Question 7

Phylum Pinophyta (conifers)

Answer 7

These members bear unique strobili (pine cones) and have leaves that are needle like and arranges in clusters of up to five leaves each. there are about 600 species of pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, cedars, redwoods and other coniferous woody plants living today

Question 8

Phylum Ginkgophyta (gingko)

Answer 8

Notched, broad, fan shaped leaves with veins that fork evenly are distinct among ginkgos. The mature seeds resemble small plums and are enclosed in a fleshy covering. Only one species, Ginkgo biloba, exists within this phylum

Question 9

Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Answer 9

These slow growing plants have the appearance of a cross between a tree fern and a palm but are not related directly to either group. The strobili of cycads are located in the center of the plant.

Question 10

Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

Answer 10

A unique characteristic of gnetophytes is the presence of vessels and tracheids in the xylem. Many members superficially resemble flowering plants, although they still produce strobilli

Question 11

Fascicle

Answer 11

cluster of needle like leaves.

Question 12

regardless of the number of leaves, each fascicle

Answer 12

forms a loose, cylindrical rod

Question 13

the fascicles are

Answer 13

short shoots with restricted growth

Question 14

Just beneath the epidermis is the

Answer 14

Hypodermis

Question 15

the hypodermis consists of

Answer 15

one to several thick walled cells

Question 16

The epidermis itself is coated with a

Answer 16

thick cuticle

Question 17

The stomata, instead of being at the surface,

Answer 17

are recessed in small cavities

Question 18

_____ ______ develop in the mesophyll

Answer 18

resin canals

Question 19

Resin canals consist of

Answer 19

Tubes lined with special cells that secrete resin

Question 20

Resin

Answer 20

aromatic and antiseptic and prevents the development of fungi. also deters insect attacks

Question 21

Abcise

Answer 21

fall off

Question 22

conifer wood, because of the absence of thick walled cells, Is said to be

Answer 22

soft

Question 23

broadleaf tree wood is described as

Answer 23

hard

Question 24

Annual rings are

Answer 24

used to count the age of a tree, look for environmental stressors

Question 25

Pollen cones

Answer 25

Male strobilli, consist of papery or membranous scales, called microsporophylls, arranged in a spiral or in whorls around an axis. they are usually produced in the spring

Question 26

Microsporangia develop

Answer 26

in pairs toward the bases of the scales

Question 27

each of the microsporocytes in the microsporangia

Answer 27

undergo meiosis, producing four haploid microspores

Question 28

the microspores develop into

Answer 28

pollen grains, each grain consists of four cells and a pair of external egg sacs

Question 29

Megaspores are produced in the

Answer 29

megasporangia

Question 30

Megasporangia are located within

Answer 30

ovules at the bases of the seed cone scales, called megasporophylls

Question 31

the seed cones (female strobili)

Answer 31

are much larger than the pollen cones

Question 32

The ovules occur in

Answer 32

pairs at the base of each scale of the immature seed cones and are larger and more complex than the microsporangia of pollen cones,

Question 33

each ovule has within it a

Answer 33

megasporangium containing the nucellus and a single megasporocyte. These are surrounded by an intugement layer

Question 34

A single megasporocyte within the megasporangium of each ovule

Answer 34

undergoes meiosis, producing a row of four relatively large megaspores

Question 35

three of the megaspores ________- the remaining one slowly develops into a _____ _______

Answer 35

degenerate, female gametophyte

Question 36

Pollen grain

Answer 36

immature male gametophyte

Question 37

Pollen grain produces a ______ ____ that slowly grows and digests its way through the nucellus to the area where the archegonia develop

Answer 37

Pollen tube

Question 38

While the pollen tube is growing, two of the original four cells in the pollen grain enter it. one of these, called the _______ ____ divides and forms two more cells.

Answer 38

Generative cell

Question 39

the generative cell divides and forms 2 more cells called the

Answer 39

sterile cell and spermatogenous cell

Question 40

the spermatogenous cell divides again, forming two

Answer 40

male gametes, or sperms

Question 41

Ginkgo is _________, with male and female reproductive parts on separate trees

Answer 41

dioecious