Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System - Part 1

Question 1

The respiratory system is composed of structures involved in _____ and ___ _____

Answer 1

ventilation and gas exchange

Question 2

Name the 5 basic functions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

1. Extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
2. Moving air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs along respiratory pathways
3. Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp changes, or other environmental variations. Defense of respiratory system and other tissues from pathogens
4. Produce sounds
5. Facilitate detection of odors by olfactory receptors in superior portions of the nasal cavity

Question 3

The capillaries of the lungs indirectly help to do what?

Answer 3

regulate blood volume and blood pressure through the conversion of angiotensin 1 -> angiotensin 2

Question 4

How can the respiratory system be divided anatomically?

Answer 4

The upper respiratory system and the lower respiratory system

Question 5

The upper respiratory system consists of….

Answer 5

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

Question 6

What is the FUNCTION of the upper respiratory system?

Answer 6

to filter, warm, and humidify incoming air. This protects the more delicate surfaces of the lower respiratory system

They also cool and dehumidify OUTGOING air

Question 7

Which is HUMIDIFIED by the upper respiratory system — incoming or outgoing air?

Answer 7

incoming

Question 8

The lower respiratory system consists of….

Answer 8

the larynx (voicebox)
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli of the lungs

Question 9

The lower respiratory system begins at the _____

Answer 9

larynx

Question 10

The term “respiratory tract” refers to what?

Answer 10

the passageways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

Question 11

The “conducting” portion of the respiratory tract begins where and extends to where?

Answer 11

the CONDUCTING portion begins at the entrance to the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles

Question 12

The RESPIRATORY portion of the respiratory tract consists of…..

Answer 12

the smallest, most delicate bronchioles and the associated alveoli

Question 13

The respiratory tract can be divided into:

Answer 13

2 portions:
conducting portion
respiratory portion

Question 14

What are alveoli?

Answer 14

air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange between air and blood takes place

Question 15

Why is it that gas exchange can take place quickly and efficiently?

Answer 15

because the distance between the blood in an alveolar capillary and the air inside an alveolus is generally less than 1 microliter

Question 16

Why must the surface are for gas exchange in the lungs be very large?

Answer 16

to meet the metabolic requirements or peripheral tissues

Question 17

Filtering, warming, and humidifying inhaled air begins where?

Answer 17

at the entrance to the respiratory tract and continues as air passes through the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

Question 18

By the time air reaches ______, most foreign particles and pathogens have been removed AND the humidity and temperature are within acceptable limits

Answer 18

alveoli

Question 19

the _______ lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Answer 19

respiratory mucosa

Question 20

What structure of the conducting portion of the respiratory system is responsible for removing pathogens/foreign particles, and makes the humidity and temp of air within acceptable minutes by the time it reaches the alveoli?

Answer 20

the respiratory mucosa

Question 21

what is the term for foreign particles/pathogens being removed from air (and temp and humidity at acceptable limits) by the time air reaches the alveoli?

Answer 21

the conditioning process

Question 22

a mucosa is a _____ _____

Answer 22

mucous membrane

Question 23

Describe the layers of the respiratory mucosa

Answer 23

-Epithelium with an underlying layer of areolar tissue

Question 24

What is the term for the underlying layer or areolar tissue in the respiratory mucosa?

Answer 24

the lamina propria

Question 25

What is the function of the lamina propria?

Answer 25

to support the respiratory epithelium

Question 26

In the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi, the lamina propria contains ____ ____ that discharge their secretions onto epithelial curface

Answer 26

mucous glands

Question 27

the lamina propria in the conducting portions of the lower respiratory system contains.....

Answer 27

bundles of smooth muscle cells. At the bronchioles, the smooth muscles form thick bands that encircle the lumen

Question 28

Is the structure of the respiratory epithelium the same throughout the respiratory tract?

Answer 28

NO

Question 29

How does the structure of the respiratory epithelium change throughout the respiratory tract?

Answer 29

nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx= pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous mucous cells inferior portions of the pharynx=stratified squamous epithelium

Question 30

A series of ______ mechanisms make up the respiratory defense system and prevent contamination from debris or pathogens

Answer 30

filtration

Question 31

Describe the respiratory defense system

Answer 31

mucous cells and mucous glands in the lamina propria produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces. In the nasal cavity, cilia sweep that mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms towards the pharynx CALLED A MUCOUS ESCALATOR

Question 32

Upon exposure to unpleasant stimuli such as dust, how does the respiratory defense system respond?

Answer 32

The rate of mucous production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses speeds up

Question 33

List the 2 anatomical subdivisions of the respiratory system

Answer 33

-upper respiratory system -lower respiratory system

Question 34

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

Answer 34

The respiratory mucosa

Question 35

What is the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system?

Answer 35

the nose

Question 36

What is another word for the nostrils?

Answer 36

the external nares

Question 37

The external nares open into the ____ ____

Answer 37

nasal cavity

Question 38

What is the term for the empty space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose?

Answer 38

the nasal vestibule

Question 39

What structure divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?

Answer 39

the nasal septum

Question 40

Name the 4 surface anatomy structures of the nose (from top to bottom)

Answer 40

root bridge external nares apex

Question 41

the apex is the ___ of the nose

Answer 41

tip

Question 42

The olfactory region is the ____ portion of the nasal cavity

Answer 42

superior

Question 43

Receptors in the olfactory epithelium perform what function?

Answer 43

provide your sense of smell

Question 44

The nose contains ______ which are narrow grooves in which air travels from the vestibule to the internal nares

Answer 44

conchae

Question 45

name the conchae

Answer 45

superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

Question 46

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the....

Answer 46

internal nares

Question 47

The lamina propria of the nasal conchae contains...

Answer 47

many veins, arteries, and capillaries that warms and humidifies incoming air and cools and dehumidifies outgoing air

Question 48

what is the term for a nose bleed?

Answer 48

epistaxis

Question 49

why is a nosebleed such a common event?

Answer 49

the extensive vascularization of the nasal cavity and the vulnerable position of the nose

Question 50

_____ can bring on a nosebleed by rupturing small vessels of the lamina propria

Answer 50

hypertension

Question 51

the pharynx is also known as the....

Answer 51

throat

Question 52

The pharynx is a chamber shared by the ___ and ____ systems

Answer 52

respiratory and digestive

Question 53

the pharynx extends between......

Answer 53

the internal nares and entrances to the larynx and esophagus

Question 54

the pharynx can be divided into... (top to bottom)

Answer 54

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 55

Which portion of the pharynx separates it from the oral cavity?

Answer 55

the nasopharynx

Question 56

At the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx, the epithelium changes from ___ to ____

Answer 56

from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium

Question 57

what is the narrowest of the 3 portions of the pharynx?

Answer 57

the laryngopharynx

Question 58

the laryngopharynx is lined with ____ epithelium

Answer 58

stratified squamous

Question 59

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 59

resist abrasion, chemical attack, and invasion by pathogens

Question 60

Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity so important?

Answer 60

The rich vascularization to the nose delivers body heat to the nasal cavity, so inhaled air is warmed before it leaves the nasal cavity. The heat also evaporates moisture from the epithelium to humidify incoming air

Question 61

Name the structures of the upper respiratory system

Answer 61

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

Question 62

Why is the lining of the nasopharynx different from that of the oropharynx and laryyngopharynx?

Answer 62

The lining of the nasopharynx only receives air from the nasal cavity, so it has the same epithelium: pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Because the oropharynx and laryngopharynx receive BOTH air from the nasal cavity AND potentially abrasive food from the oral cavity, they have a more highly protective lining: a stratified squamous epithelium like that of the skin

Question 63

The inhaled air that leaves the pharynx enters the _____ through the _____

Answer 63

enters the larynx through the glottis

Question 64

The larynx is a ___ ____ that surrounds and protects the ______

Answer 64

the larynx is a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

Question 65

The larynx has INCOMPLETE cartilaginous walls that are stabilized by.....

Answer 65

ligaments and skeletal muscles

Question 66

What are the 3 large, unpaired cartilages from the larynx?

Answer 66

the thyroid cartilage the cricoid cartilage the epiglottis

Question 67

Of the 3, what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

Answer 67

the thyroid cartilage

Question 68

the thyroid cartilage is made up of what kind of cartilage?

Answer 68

hyaline cartilage

Question 69

the anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage is known as the.......

Answer 69

Adam's apple (or laryngeal prominence)

Question 70

The thyroid cartilage sits ____ to the cricoid cartilage

Answer 70

superior

Question 71

The cricoid cartilage is made up of ____ cartilage

Answer 71

hyaline

Question 72

The cricoid and thyroid cartilages protect the ___ and the entrance to the _____

Answer 72

protect the glottis and the entrance to the trachea

Question 73

The epiglottis is ___ shaped

Answer 73

shoehorn shaped

Question 74

the epiglottis projects ____ to the glottis and forms a _____

Answer 74

superior to the glottis and forms a lid over it

Question 75

The epiglottis is composed of ____ cartilage

Answer 75

elastic

Question 76

During swallowing the ____ is elevated and what does the epiglottis do?

Answer 76

during swallowing, the LARYNX is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing liquid and solid food from entering the respiratory tract

Question 77

The vocal folds are also known as the _____. why???

Answer 77

vocal chords because they are involved with the production of sound

Question 78

How are sounds produced?

Answer 78

air passing through the glottis vibrates your vocal folds and produces sound waves

Question 79

The pitch of the sound depends on....

Answer 79

the diameter, length, and tension in your vocal folds

Question 80

How can the tension of the vocal folds be controlled?

Answer 80

by contracting voluntary muscles that reposition the arytenoid cartilages relative to the thyroid cartilage

Question 81

When the distance between the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage INCREASE, the vocal folds ____ and the pitch _____

Answer 81

the vocal folds TENSE and the pitch RISES

Question 81

When the distance between the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage DECREASE, the vocal folds ____ and the pitch _____

Answer 81

the vocal folds RELAX and the pitch FALLS

Question 82

Why do children's voices tend to be high pitched?

Answer 82

because they have slender, short vocal cords

Question 83

At puberty, the larynx of males does what compared to females?

Answer 83

the larynx of males enlarges much more than females

Question 84

The vocal cords of an adult male are ____ and ____ than that of a female

Answer 84

thicker and longer

Question 85

Sound production at the larynx is called.....

Answer 85

phonation

Question 86

The vocal cords are highly _____

Answer 86

elastic (bc the vocal ligaments consist of elastic tissue)

Question 87

Clear speech requires ______

Answer 87

articulation

Question 88

Articulation is the modification of sounds produced at the larynx. It is done by which structures?

Answer 88

the tongue, teeth, and lips

Question 89

Where does amplification and resonance take place (this gives the particular and distinctive sound of your voice)

Answer 89

the pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses

Question 90

When your ____ and ____ are filled with mucus rather than air, the sound of our voice changes

Answer 90

paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

Question 91

Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx) affects the....,,

Answer 91

vibrational quality of the vocal folds resulting in hoarseness

Question 92

Why can bacterial and viral infections of the epiglottis be very dangerous?

Answer 92

The swelling may close the glottis and cause suffocation

Question 93

what is the condition called in which the glottis is closed to cause suffocation? Who is it most likely to affect?

Answer 93

acute epiglottitis. Most likely to affect young children

Question 94

The _____ is associated with 2 sets of muscles

Answer 94

larynx

Question 95

What are the 2 sets of muscles in which the larynx is associated with

Answer 95

1. The muscles of the neck and pharynx 2. Smaller intrinsic muscles

Question 96

What is the function of the muscles of the neck and pharynx?

Answer 96

to position and stabilize the larynx

Question 97

What is the function of the smaller intrinsic muscles associated with the larynx?

Answer 97

they control tension in the vocal folds or open and close the glottis

Question 98

Both sets of muscles associated with the pharynx work together to....

Answer 98

prevent food or drink from entering the glottis when we swallow

Question 99

Food is crushed and chewed into a pasty mass, known as a _____ before being swallowed

Answer 99

bolus

Question 100

When we swallow, the muscles of the neck and pharynx do what?

Answer 100

these muscles elevate the larynx, bending the epiglottis over the glottis so that the bolus can glide across the epiglottis rather than falling into the larynx

Question 101

When is the "coughing reflex" triggered?

Answer 101

When food or liquids touch the vestibular or vocal folds

Question 102

In a cough, is the glottis opened or closed?

Answer 102

closed

Question 103

In a cough, the chest and abdomen muscles contract, which does what?

Answer 103

compresses the lungs

Question 104

Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages associated with the larynx

Answer 104

Unpaired laryngeal cartilages = thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis Paired cartilages = Arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages

Question 105

What are the highly elastic vocal folds of the larynx better known as?

Answer 105

the vocal cords

Question 106

When the tension in your vocal folds increases, what happens to the pitch of your voice?

Answer 106

the pitch of the voice is raised